Sejarah Singkat Pecinta Alam Indonesia

<div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sejarah Singkat Pecinta Alam Indonesia</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sering kita mendengar dan menemui sekelompok manusia yang suka berpetualang di alam terbuka dengan membawa nama Pecinta Alam. Dan uniknya, nama tersebut, yakni pecinta alam hanya ditemui di Indonesia. Bukan dari segi bahasa, namun dari segi arti dan makna kalimat. Di Luar negeri sendiri mungkin lebih dikenal dengan nama Aktifis Lingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsep Pecinta Alam dicetuskan oleh Soe Hok Gie pada tahun 1964. Gie sendiri meninggal pada tahun 1969 karena menghirup gas beracun Gunung Semeru. Gerakan “Pecinta Alam” awalnya adalah pergerakan perlawanan yang murni kultur kebebasan sipil atas invasi militer dengan doktrin militerisme – patriotik. Perlawanan ini dilakukan dengan mengambil cara berpetualang dengan alasannya yakni :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Kami jelaskan apa sebenarnya tujuan kami. Kami katakan bahwa kami adalah manusia – manusia yang tidak percaya pada slogan. Patriotisme tidak mungkin tumbuh dari hipokrisi ( kemunafikan ) dan slogan – slogan. Seseorang hanya dapat mencintai sesuatu secara sehat kalau ia mengenal objeknya. Dan mencintai tanah air Indonesia dapat ditumbuhkan dengan mengenal Indonesia bersama rakyatnya dari dekat. Pertumbuhan jiwa yang sehat dari pemuda harus berarti pula pertumbuhan fisik yang sehat. Karena itulah kami naik gunung.” ( Soe Hok Gie – Catatan Seorang Demonstran )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Era pecinta alam sesudah meninggalnya Soe Hok Gie ditandai dengan adanya ekspedisi besar – besaran, dan era berikutnya ditandai dengan Era 1969 – 1974, merupakan era antara masa kematian Gie dan masa muncul munculnya Kode Etik Pecinta Alam .<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Era ini menandai munculnya tatanan baru dalam dunia kepecinta – alaman, dengan diisahkannya Kode Etik Pecinta Alam ( KEPAI ) di Gladian IV Ujungpandang, 24 Januari 1974. Ketika itu di barat juga sudah mengenal suatu ‘Etika Lingkungan Hidup Universal’ yang disepakati pada 1972. Era ini menandakan adanya suatu babak monumental dalam aktivitas kepecintaalaman Indonesia dan perhatian pada lingkungan hidup di negara – negara industri. Lima tahun setelah kematian Gie, telah memunculkan suatu kesadaran untuk menjadikan Pecinta Alam sebagai aktivitas yang teo – filosofis, beretika, cerdas, manusiawi / humanis, pro – ekologis, patriotisme dan anti – rasial.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam Etika ‘Etika Lingkungan Hidup Universal’ Ada 3 etika yang merupakan prinsip dasar dalam kegiatan petualangan yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Take nothing but picture, Leave nothing but footprint, Kill noting but time.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Sejarah Singkat Pecinta Alam Indonesia

Sejarah Singkat Pecinta Alam Indonesia Sering kita mendengar dan menemui sekelompok manusia yang suka berpetualang di alam terbuka denga...

Read more »

PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA GAWAT DARURAT

<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.  <u>TEORI DASAR PERTONGAN PERTAMA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.            <u>PENGERTIAN PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> Pemberian Pertolongan kepada penderita sakit atau cidera / kecelakaan yang memerlukan penanganan medis dasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.            <u>PENGERTIAN MEDIS DASAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> Tindakan perawatan berdasarkan  Ilmu Kedokteran yang dapat dimiliki oleh Awam atau awam yang terlatih secara khusus. batasannya adalah sesuai dengan sertifikat yang dimiliki oleh Pelaku Pertolongan Pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.            <u>PELAKU PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> Penolong yang pertama kali tiba di tempat kejadian,yang memiliki kemampuan pertolongan kasus gawat darurat terlatih dalam penanganan medis dasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1         <u>TUJUAN PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyelamatkan jiwa penderita.<br /> <b>b.  </b>Mencegah cacat pada korban<br /> <b>c.   </b>Membantu proses penyembuhan dan Memberikan rasa nyaman<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2   <u>KEWAJIBAN PELAKU PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjaga keselamatan diri, Anggota Tim, penderita dan sekitarnya.<br /> <b>b.  </b>Dapat menjangkau penderita dalam kasus kecelakaan atau musibah kemungkinan  Pelaku harus memindahkan penderita lain untuk  dapat menjangkau penderita yang lebih parah.<br /> <b>c.   </b>Dapat mengenali dan mengatasi masalah yang mengancam jiwa.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.  </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meminta bantuan / rujukan. pelaku pertolongan pertama harus bertanggung jawab sampai bantuan rujukan mengambil alih penanganan penderita.<br /> <b>e.   </b>Memberikan Pertolongan dengan cepat dan tepat berdasarkan keadaan korban.<br /> <b>f.    </b>Membantu pelaku pertolongan pertama lainnya.<br /> <b>g.  </b>Ikut menjaga kerahasiahan medis penderita.<br /> <b>h.  </b>Melakukan komunikasi dengan petugas lain yang terlibat.<br /> <b>i.    </b>Mempersiapkan penderita untuk ditransportasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3         KUALIFIKASI PELAKU PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jujur dan bertanggung jawab<br /> <b>b.  </b>Berlaku profesional<br /> <b>c.   </b>Kematangan emosi, Pada keadaan tertentu  kondisi penderita emosional juga keluarga penderita yang tak dapat menerima kenyataan yang di  alami penderita dalam hal ini pelaku harus menenagkan diri, serta dapat menenangkan penderita dan keluarga juga sabar tidak panik dan gugup dalam menghadapi penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4         <u>PERALATAN DASAR PELAKU PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam melakukan tugasnya Pelaku Pertolongan Pertama memerlukan peralatan dasar dan dapat di bagi dua, yaitu  Alat Perlindungan diri dan Peralatan minimal untuk melakukan tugasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4.1      <u>BEBERAPA MACAM APD</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sarung tangan lateks<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kacamata pelindung<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baju Pelindung<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masker Penolong<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masker Resusitasi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Helm<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4.2      <u>PERALATAN PERTOLONGANPERTAMA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kasa steril<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bantalan kasa<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembalut<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembalut Gulung/Pita<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembalut segitiga/Mitela<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembalut Tabung<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembalut rekat/Plister<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan anti septik<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alkohol 70 %<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iodine<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan pencuci mata<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peralatan Stabilisasi,Bidai, Papan spinal panjang, Papan Spinal Pendek<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pinset<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senter<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapas<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selimut<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kartu Penderita<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Tulis<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tensimeter dan stetoskop<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tandu<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.5      <u>DASAR HUKUM</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasal 531 K U H Pidana</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Barang siapa menyaksikan sendiri ada orang didalam keadaan bahaya maut, lalai memberikan atau mengadakan pertolongan kepadanya sedang pertolongan itu dapat diberikannya atau diadakannya dengan tidak akan menguatirkan, bahwa ia sendiri atau orang lain akan kena bahaya dihukum kurungan selama-lamanya  tiga bulan atau denda sebanyak-banyaknya Rp 4.500,-. Jika orang yang perlu ditolong itu mati, diancam dengan  : <b>KUHP 45, 165, 187, 304 s, 478, 525, 566</b>”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di dalam undang-undang ditemukan beberapa pasal yang mengatur mengenai Pertolongan Pertama, namun belum dikuatkan dengan peraturan lain untuk melengkapinya. Beberapa pasal yang berhubungan dengan Pertolongan Pertama antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persetujuan Pertolongan</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat memberikan pertolongan sangat penting untuk meminta izin kepada korban terlebih dahulu atau kepada keluarga, orang disekitar bila korban tidak sadar. Ada 2 macam izin yang dikenal dalam pertolongan pertama :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persetujuan yang dianggap diberikan atau tersirat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( <b><i>Implied Consent </i></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persetujuan yang diberikan penderita sadar dengan cara memberikan isyarat, atau penderita tidak sadar, atau pada anak kecil yang tidak mampu atau dianggap tidak mampu memberikan persetujuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="2" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persetujuan yang dinyatakan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( <b><i>Expressed Consent </i></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persetujuan yang dinyatakan secara lisan maupun tulisan oleh penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.         <u>ANATOMI (SUSUNAN TUBUH)</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anatomi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari susunan tubuh dan bentuk tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1      <u>FISIOLOGI (FAAL TUBUH)</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu yang mempelajari faal (fungsi) bagian dari alat  atau jaringan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2      <u>POSISI ANATOMIS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tubuh manusia diproyeksikan menjadi suatu posisi yang dikenal sebagai posisi anatomis, yaitu berdiri tegak, ke dua lengan di samping tubuh, telapak tangan menghadap ke depan. Kanan dan kiri mengacu pada kanan dan kiri penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3      <u>BIDANG ANATOMIS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam posisi seperti ini tubuh manusia dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian oleh 3 buah bidang khayal, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   Bidang Medial</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> yang membagi tubuh menjadi kiri dan kanan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   Bidang Frontal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> yang membagi tubuh menjadi depan (<i>anterior</i>) dan bawah (<i>posterior</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.   Bidang Transversal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> yang membagi tubuh menjadi atas (superior) dan bawah (<i>inferior</i>)<br /> Istilah lain yang juga dipergunakan adalah untuk menentukan suatu titik lebih dekat ke titik referensi (<i>proximal</i>) dan lebih jauh ke titik referensi (<i>distal</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4      <u>PEMBAGIAN ( REGIO ) TUBUH MANUSIA </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> Tubuh manusia dikelilingi oleh kulit dan diperkuat oleh rangka. Secara garis besar, tubuh manusia dibagi menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.   Kepala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tengkorak <b>( Cranium )</b> , Wajah, dan Rahang Bawah <b>( Mandibula )</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.  Leher</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> <b>c.   Batang Tubuh</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dada <b>( Thorax )</b>, Perut <b>( Abdomen )</b>, Punggung, dan Panggul <b>( Pelvis )</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.  Anggota Gerak Atas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sendi bahu, lengan atas, lengan bawah, siku, pergelangan tangan, tangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.   Anggota Gerak Bawah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sendi panggul, tungkai atas, lutut, tungkai bawah, pergelangan kaki, kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5      <u>RONGGA DALAM TUBUH MANUSIA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain pembagian tubuh maka juga perlu dikenali 5 buah rongga yang terdapat di dalam tubuh yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.   Rongga tengkorak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berisi otak dan bagian-bagiannya<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.  Rongga tulang belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berisi bumbung saraf atau “<i>spinal cord</i>”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.   Rongga dada</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berisi jantung dan paru<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.  Rongga perut (abdomen)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berisi berbagai berbagai organ pencernaan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mempermudah, perut manusia dibagi menjadi 4 bagian yang dikenal sebagai kwadran sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.    </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kwadran kanan atas (hati, kandung empedu, pankreas dan usus)<br /> <b>ii.   </b>Kwadran kiri atas (organ lambung, limpa dan usus).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iii. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kwadran kanan bawah (terutama organ usus termasuk usus buntu)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iv. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kwadran kiri bawah (terutama usus).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.   Rongga panggul</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berisi kandung kemih, sebagian usus besar, dan organ reproduksi dalam<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.6      <u>SISTEM DALAM TUBUH MANUSIA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agar dapat hidup tubuh manusia memiliki beberapa sistem:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Rangka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>kerangka/skeleton</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></li> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menopang bagian tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melindungi organ tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat melekat otot dan pergerakan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberi bentuk bangunan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   Sistem Otot</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>muskularis</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memungkinkan tubuh dapat bergerak<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.   Sistem pernapasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>respirasi</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernapasan bertanggung jawab untuk memasukkan <i>oksigen</i> dari udara bebas ke dalam darah dan mengeluarkan <i>karbondioksida</i> dari tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.   Sistem peredaran darah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>sirkulasi</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem ini berfungsi untuk mengalirkan darah ke seluruh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.   Sistem saraf</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (nervus)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengatur hampir semua fungsi tubuh manusia. Mulai dari yang disadari sampai  yang tidak disadari<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.   Sistem pencernaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (digestif)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berfungsi untuk mencernakan makanan yang masuk dalam tubuh sehingga siap masuk ke dalam darah dan siap untuk dipakai oleh tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.   Sistem Klenjar Buntu</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (endokrin)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.   Sistem Kemih</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (urinarius)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.   Kulit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.   Panca Indera</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.   Sistem Reproduksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.         <u>INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM ( ICS )</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di sini tidak akan dijelaskan secara rinci mengenai hal ini karena bahasan ini merupakan suatu topik pelatihan sendiri. Perlu diketahui oleh penolong  bahwa sistem ini sebenarnya sudah ada dan baku, pelaksanaannya tergantung dari masing-masing daerah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Indonesia ICS ini sering dikenal sebagai POSKO, yang tugas dasarnya adalah mengatur penanggulangan korban banyak atau bencana. Bagaimana melakukan pemilahan korban, bagaimana dan kemana korban di evakuasi, menggunakan apa, siapa yang bertugas di mana, kemana dan semua hal lain yang berhubungan dengan pengaturan di lokasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum pada penanggulangan korban banyak perlu di atur tempat sedemikian rupa sehingga ada :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    Daerah triage</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dasarnya daerah ini merupakan areal kejadian.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.    Daerah pertolongan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah pasien ditentukan triagenya maka dipindahkan ke daerah penampungan di mana pertolongan diberikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.    Daerah transportasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada daerah ini berkumpul semua kendaraan yang akan digunakan untuk mengevakuasi para korban, termasuk pencatatan data pengiriman korban.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.    Daerah penampungan penolong dan peralatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada daerah ini para penolong yang baru datang atau sudah bekerja berkumpul, di data dan di atur pembagian kerjanya. Bila kejadiannya besar maka daerah penampungan juga diperlukan untuk peralatan, barang-barang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 5.1      <u>PERAN PENOLONG PERTAMA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai penolong kita harus mengetahui sistem yang ada, terutama apa yang harus dilakukan pada fase awal, pada dasarnya penolong harus :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendirikan Posko dan komandonya<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menilai keadaan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meminta bantuan sesuai keperluan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mulai melakukan triage<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2      <u>PENILAIAN KEADAAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah menentukan suatu kejadian sebagai kasus dengan korban banyak maka hal yang paling penting dilakukan adalah menahan diri untuk tidak langsung memberikan pertolongan kepada perorangan. Nilai hal-hal sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah penderita<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan khusus<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber daya yang kira-kira akan diperlukan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal lain yang dapat berdampak pada situasi dan kondisi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berapa banyak sektor yang diperlukan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wilayah atau areal penampungan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buatlah suatu laporan singkat, sehingga bantuan yang akan datang akan sesuai dengan keperluan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.        <u>TEKNIK PENANGANAN GAWAT DARURAT</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.      <u>KEDARURATAN MEDIS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1   <u>DEFINISI</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan penderita yang disebabkan adanya gangguan fungsi tubuh sehingga kemungkinan mengalami cidera misal kehilangan kesadaran lalu terjatuh sehingga terjadi luka. Kesimpulan mengenai keadaan yang dihadapi hampir 80% diperoleh berdasarkan wawancara dengan penderita bila sadar, keluarganya atau saksi mata dan sumber informasi lainnya. Dalam penatalaksanaan penderita yang paling penting adalah menjaga jalan napas dan memantau tanda vital penderita secara teratur.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2   <u>TANDA DAN GEJALA – GEJALA </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.      </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demam<br /> <b>2.      </b>Nyeri<br /> <b>3.      </b>Mual, muntah<br /> <b>4.      </b>Buang air kecil berlebihan atau tidak sama sekali<br /> <b>5.      </b>Pusing, perasaan mau pingsan, merasa akan kiamat<br /> <b>6.      </b>Sesak atau merasa sukar bernapas<br /> <b>7.      </b>Rasa haus atau lapar berlebihan, rasa aneh pada mulut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan status mental (tidak sadar, bingung)<br /> <b>2.   </b>Perubahan irama jantung : nadi  cepat atau sangat lambat, tidak teratur, lemah atau sangat kuat.<br /> <b>3.   </b>Perubahan pernapasan: irama dan kualitas warna pada selaput lendir (pucat, kebiruan, terlalu merah)<br /> <b>4.   </b>Perubahan keadaan kulit : suhu, kelembaban, keringat berlebihan, sangat kering, termasuk perubahan warna pada selaput lendir (pucat, kebiruan, terlalu merah)<br /> <b>5.   </b>Manik mata : sangat lebar, atau sangat kecil<br /> <b>6.   </b>Bau khas dari mulut atau hidung<br /> <b>7.   </b>Aktivitas otot misalnya kejang atau kelumpuhan<br /> <b>8.   </b>Gangguan saluran cerna : mual, muntah atau diare<br /> <b>9.   </b>Tanda-tanda lainnya yang seharusnya tidak ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anggap semua keluhan penderita adalah benar. Bila penderita merasa tidak enak atau nyaman maka perlakukan sebagai kasus medis.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.      <u>SECARA UMUM GANGGUAN MEDISADALAH</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Gangguan Jantung dan Pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Gangguan kesadaran dan perubahan setatus mental<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Gangguan akibat perubahan lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Keracunan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.     <u>CARA PENANGANAN GANGGUAN MEDIS </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.    Gangguan Jantung dan pernapasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi akibat tersumbatnya jalan napas , tidak menemukan adanya napas dan atau tidak ada nadi, maka penolong harus melakukan tindakan bantuan hidup dasar, yaitu      :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Melakukan bantuan pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Melakukan RJP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BOLUS =  <b>2 x</b> Nafas Awal</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.    Penyebab orang tidak sadarkan diri :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Kegagalan jantung memompa darah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Kehilangan darah dalam jumlah yg besar<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Pelebaran pembuluh darah yang luas , sehingga darah tidak dapat mengisinya dengan baik<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Kekurangan cairan tubuh yang banyak misalnya diare<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.    Tanda orang tidak sadarkan diri:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-         Pernapasan cepat dan dangkal<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-         Nadi Cepat dan lemah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-         Kulit pucat dingin dan lembab<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-         Wajah pucat, perubahan warna pada bibir, lidah dan kuping<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-         Mata pandangan hampa ,pupil melebar<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.   Gejala orang tidak sadarkan diri :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Mual dan mungkin muntah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Haus<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Lemah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Pusing<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Gelisah dan takut mati<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.   Penanganan orang  tidak sadarkan diri :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Bawa penderita ketempat teduh dan aman<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Tidurkan telentang,tungkai di tinggikan 20-30 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Pakaian yang mengikat dilonggarkan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Berikan rangsangan pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Tenangkan penderita<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Berikan minum hangat manis Teh,Kopi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Pastikan jalan napas, Periksa nadi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dasarnya yang pertama menemukan penderita gawat darurat di tempat musibah adalah masyarakat. Oleh karena itu sangatlah bermanfaat bila orang awam diberi dan dilatih pengetahuan dan keterampilan PPGD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.   Pada fase pra-rumah sakit dapat diketahui bahwa nasib korban tergantung pada 3 kecepatan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecepatan ditemukannya korban dengan tingkat kesadaran dan pengetahuan Masyarakat yang tinggi, maka kecepatan menemukan korban dapat dicapai dengan lebih singkat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecepatan minta pertolongan akan sangat mempengaruhi cepat lambat datanggya pertolongan medis yang diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecepatan dan ketepatan pertolongan tergantung pada keahlian penolong. Resiko untuk meninggal atau cacat sangat dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan pertolongan yang diberikan sehingga untuk memperbaiki resiko kematian atau cacat kematian atau cacat diperlukan penolong yang lebih terdidik dan terlatih.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.  Faktor yang mempengaruhi Kecepatan dan Ketepatan Pertolongan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Faktor komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Faktor Keterampilan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Faktor Evakuasi korban<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.   Pada saat tiba di lokasi kejadian kewajiban penolong harus :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Memastikan keselamatan penolong, penderita dan orang – orang disekitar lokasi kejadian<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Penolong harus memperkenalkan diri bila memungkinkan nama penolong , nama Organisasi, Permintaan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Menentukan keadaan umum kejadian dan mulai melakukan penilaian dini dari penderita<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Mengenali dan mengatasi gangguan /  cidera yang mengancam nyawa<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Stabilkan penderita dan teruskan pemantauannya<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Minta bantuan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Melakukan Resusitasi Jantung Paru<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.     Kemampuan yang harus dimiliki oleh orang awam adalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b> :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Cara minta tolong<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Resusitasi jantung paru<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Cara menghentikan pendarahan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Cara memasang pembalutan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Cara memasang bidai<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Cara evakuasi penderita gawat darurat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.    Pelaku terlatih perlu untuk dapat :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          <b>Men</b>genal tanda pasti henti jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Memberikan tindakan RJP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Memanggil Pelayanan Medik Darurat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.       Tujuan dari evakuasi adalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memindahkan korban dengan cepat tetapi aman sehingga tidak menimbulkan luka  / penderita tambahan ataupun syok pada korban.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.      <u>PENILAIAN DAN PEMERIKSAAN KORBAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 6 hal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang harus dinilai dan diperiksa pada setiap kejadian yang membutuhkan teknik penanganan gawat darurat, yaitu       :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   PENILAIAN KEADAAN ( SIZE UP )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Bagaimana Kondisi saat itu<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Kemungkinan apa saja yang akan terjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Bagaimana mengatasinya<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   PENILAIAN DINI  (INITIAL ASSESMENT)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menentukan dapat ditolong atau tidak ( aman / tidak ), <b>ada 6 hal</b> yang harus diperhatikan     :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1   Kesan Umum</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ; gambaran umum dari kecelakaan / musibah yang terjadi (Kasus Trauma dan kasus medis.Penolong ,Penderita, orang sekitar lokasi).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2   Memeriksa  Respon / Tingkat kesadaran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">  dari korban  :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A – Awas  (Alert)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">  :Kesadaran penuh (dapat                                                        berkomunikasi )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S – Suara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">   <b>(Verbal)</b> : Kesadaran penuh, tetapi dengan                                           perintah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N – Nyeri (Painfull) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Kesadarannya dengan rangsangan                                        nyeri (biasanya ada fracture).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T – Tidak respon (Unresponsive) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Tidak sadar sama                                                                 sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3   Penguasaan Jalan Napas ( AIRWAY CONTROL )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan jalan napas dapat disebabkan karena :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Masuknya benda asing (makanan, mainan, darah, dll).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Struktur anatomisnya (tersumbat lidah, penyempitan saluran pernapasan, kerusakan jaringan, dll).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara memastikan jalan napas terbuka dengan baik :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Lakukan dengan cara <b>Angkat Dagu Tekan Dahi ( Head Tilt Chin Lift). </b>Tidak dilakukan pada korban yang mengalami trauma kepala, leher maupun tulang belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Pada korban trauma tulang belakang, lakukan <b>Manuver Tekan Rahang Bawah (Jaw Thrust Maneuver)</b> untuk membuka jalan nafas.<b> </b>Manuver ini juga digunakan untuk mengatasi sumbatan jalan nafas oleh lidah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ Langkah membebaskan jalan napas dari sumbatan & menguasainya menjadi prioritas tindakan pada semua kasus “</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3-2. Head Tilt Chin Lift<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-3. Jaw Thrust Manuever<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4   Menilai pernapasan ( BREATHING )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dengan cara       :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pergerakan pernafasannya ( di dada)<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengarkan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hembusan nafasnya<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasakan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hembusan nafasnya<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Untuk korban yang tidak sadar jangan diberi makan / minum<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Lakukan nafas buatan jika ada nadi, tidak ada nafas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dewasa: 10 – 12 x / mnt (1,5 -2 dtk / nafas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak (1-8th): 20 x / mnt (1-1,5 dtk / nafas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bayi (0-1 th): > 20 x / mnt (1-1,5 dtk / nafas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bayi (BBL): 40 x / mnt (1-1,5 dtk / nafas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahaya bantuan pernapasan dari mulut ke mulut : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebaran penyakit<br /> <b>2.    </b>Kontaminasi bahan kimia<br /> <b>3.    </b>Muntahan penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-4. Lihat – Dengar – Rasakan ( Nafas )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-5. Pernapasan buatan melalui masker RJP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik memberikan bantuan napas buatan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melalui mulut penolong menggunakan masker RJP / APD atau secara langsung ke hidung/mulut penderita.<br /> <b>2.    </b>Menggunakan alat bantu berupa masker berkatup (BVM / Bag Valve Mask )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5   Menilai sirkulasi ( CIRCULATION ) dan menghentikan pendarahan berat.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Pemeriksaan denyut nadi orang dewasa dan anak pada nadi karotis, sedangkan bayi pada nadi brakialis.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bayi : 120  –  150  x  / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak : 80 – 150 x / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dws  : 60  – 150 x / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Pemeriksaan denyut nadi min. 5 –10 detik menggunakan 2 -3 jari (dg. telapak jari, bukan punggungnya, juga bukan dengan ibu jari)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Tindakan bantuan sirkulasi dikenal sebagai resusitasi jantung paru, yakni suatu tindakan kombinasi antara pijatan jantung dari luar dengan pernapasan buatan yang dilakukan pada saat seseorang mengalami henti napas & henti jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Penekanan jantung dari luar diharapkan menimbulkan efek pompa pada jantung yang dinilai cukup untuk mengatur sirkulasi darah minimal pada saat mati klinis. (25-30 % dari curah jantung)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Melakukan kontrol perdarahan besar juga merupakan bagian penting dari bantuan sirkulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6   Hubungi bantuan / kirim korban ke Rumah Sakit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="height: 1.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 26.25pt;" width="35"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-6. Pemeriksaan nadi karotis<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-7. Pemeriksaan nadi brachialis<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.   PEMERIKSAAN FISIK</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuannya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : Menemukan tanda<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan cara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">  :<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penglihatan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perabaan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan bentuk ( P ) / Deformity<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka Terluka ( L ) / Open Injuries<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyeri Tekan ( N ) / Tendernist<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bengkak ( B ) / Suelling<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Cidera harus di cari </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urutan Pemeriksaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : Head  to Toe<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amati dan raba (menggunakan kedua tangan dan dengan tekanan), bandingkan (simetry), cium bau yang tidak biasa dan dengarkan (suara napas atau derit anggota tubuh), dalam urutan berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   Kepala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Kulit Kepala dan Tengkorak ( Cranium )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Telinga dan Hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Pupil Mata<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Mulut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Rahang ( Mandibula )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   Leher / Cerviccal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> <b>3.   Dada ( Thorax )</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Periksa perubahan bentuk, luka terbuka, atau perubahan kekerasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Rasakan perubahan bentuk tulang rusuk sampai ke tulang belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Lakukan perabaan pada tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.   Perut ( Abdomen )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Periksa rigiditas (kekerasan)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Periksa potensial luka dan infeksi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Mungkin terjadi cedera tidak terlihat, lakukan perabaan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Periksa adanya pembengkakan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.   Punggung</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Periksa perubahan bentuk pada tulang rusuk<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Periksa perubahan bentuk sepanjang tulang belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.   Panggul ( Pelvis )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> <b>7.   Alat gerak ( Extrimitas ) atas</b><br /> <b>8.   Alat gerak ( Extrimitas ) bawah</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan tanda vital</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    Frekuensi nadi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, termasuk kualitas denyutnya, kuat atau lemah, teratur atau tidak<br /> <b>2.    Frekuensi napas</b>, juga apakah proses bernapas terjadi secara mudah, atau ada usaha bernapas, adakah tanda-tanda sesak napas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.    Tekanan darah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, tidak dilakukan pemeriksaan oleh KSR dasar<br /> <b>4.    Suhu</b>, diperiksa suhu relatif pada dahi penderita. Periksa juga kondisi kulit: kering, berkeringat, kemerahan, perubahan warna dan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Denyut Nadi Normal :</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bayi              : 120 – 150 x / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak             : 80 – 150 x / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dewasa         : 60 – 90 x / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frekuensi Pernapasan Normal: </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bayi              : 25 – 50 x / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak             : 15 – 30 x / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dewasa          : 12 – 20 x / menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu tubuh   : 37<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.      RIWAYAT PENDERITA ( SAMPLE )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S – Sign and Symptom ( Tanda dan Gejala )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A – Alergi yang dialami<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M – Medicine ( Sejarah Medis )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P – Partinal History ( Sejarah Penyakit )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L – Last Intake Oral ( Makan minum terakhir )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E – Event ( Mekanisme Kejadian )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.      PEMERIKSAAN BERKALA ATAU LANJUT ( DALAM PERJALANAN )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Keadaan respon<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Nilai kembali jalan napas<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Nilai kembali pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Periksa kembali nadi penderita<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Nilai kembali nilai keadaan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Periksa kembali secara seksama mungkin ada bagian yang belum diperiksa<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Nilai kembali penata-laksanaan penderita<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Pertahankan Komunikasi dengan penderita untuk  menjaga rasa aman dan nyaman<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Untuk korban prioritas : cek setiap 5 menit – 15 menit sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Untuk korban tidak prioritas, cek 15 menit – 30 menit sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.    PELAPORAN </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biasakanlah untuk membuat laporan secara tertulis. Laporan ini berguna sebagai catatan anda, Organisasi dan bukti medis.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Umur dan jenis kelamin penderita<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Keluhan utama<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Tingkat respon<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Kedaan jalan nafas<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Sirkulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Pemeriksaan fisik yang penting<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          SAMPLE  yang Penting<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Penata-laksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Perkembangan lainnya yang di anggap penting<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Dokumentasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh Pembuatan Laporan Kejadian dan Pelaporan</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama Penderita         : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…………………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur Pasien  </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           <b>:</b> ……………………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alamat Pasien           :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> …………………………<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis kelamin             :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Laki-laki / Perempuan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uraian kejadian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">         <b>:</b> …………………………..<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertolongan yang dilakukan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan Pasien        :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sadar / Tidak sadar,<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patah tulang/tidak patah ,<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendarahan / Tidak pendarahan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat dan obat yang digunakan:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasien dirujuk ke      :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ……………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelaku Pertolongan  :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">……………………………..<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.      </span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T<b>EKNIK PENGANGKATAN DAN PEMINDAHAN PENDERITA</b></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1   <u>TEKNIK PENGANGKATAN PENDERITA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat tiba di lokasi kita mungkin menemukan bahwa seorang korban mungkin harus dipindahkan. Pada situasi yang berbahaya tindakan cepat dan waspada sangat penting. Penangan korban yang salah akan menimbulkan cedera lanjutan atau cedera baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2   <u>MEKANIKA TUBUH</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gunakan “mekanika tubuh” kita sendiri</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dalam mengangkat beban > 15 kg gunakan tungkai paha dan dekatkan posisi benda yang kita angkat dengan tubuh kita. Penggunaan tubuh dengan baik untuk memfasilitasi pengangkatan dan pemindahan korban untuk mencegah cedera pada penolong.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara yang salah dapat menimbulkan cedera. Saat mengangkat ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Rencanakan pergerakan sebelum mengangkat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Gunakan tungkai jangan punggung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Upayakan untuk memindahkan beban serapat mungkin dengan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Lakukan gerakan secara menyeluruh dan upayakan agar bagian tubuh saling menopang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Bila dapat kurangi jarak atau ketinggian yang harus dilalui korban<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Perbaiki posisi dan angkatlah secara bertahap<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal tersebut di atas harus selalu dilakukan bila akan memindahkan atau mengangkat korban. Kunci yang paling utama adalah menjaga kelurusan tulang belakang. Upayakan kerja berkelompok, terus berkomunikasi dan lakukan koordinasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Mekanika tubuh yang baik tidak akan membantu mereka yang tidak siap secara fisik.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Pengangkatan korban benturan keras / (curiga) trauma tulang belakang, minimal dilakukan oleh 5 orang sebagai berikut     :  1 orang bertugas melakukan manuver tekan rahang bawah, 3 orang lainnya bertugas mengangkat korban dan 1 orang lagi memposisikan tandu spinal untuk pemindahan korban. Setelah korban diletakkan pada alas yang keras, datar dan rata. Pastikan tidak ada perubahan posisi leher pada pasien trauma gunakan <i>cerviccal coral</i> sebelum melakukan pemindahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3 – 8. Pengangkatan dan Pemindahan Korban ( Curiga ) Trauma Tulang Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3   <u>MACAM – MACAM PEMINDAHAN PENDERITA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemindahan darurat dan pemindahan biasa / tidak darurat.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.     Pemindahan darurat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, tindakan ini hanya dilakukan bila : Adanya bahaya langsung terhadap penderita ( bahaya kebakaran, ledakan, bangunan tidak stabil dll ).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü 4 macam teknik pemindahan darurat            :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarikan Baju<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fire Fighter Drag<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarikan Kain<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarikan Selimut<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.     Pemindahan biasa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ; Bila tidak ada bahaya langsung terhadap penderita maka penderita hanya dipindahkan bila semuanya telah siap dan penderita selesai ditangani, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Penilaian awal telah lengkap dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Denyut nadi dan napas stabil serta dalam batas normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Tidak ada pendarahan luar tidak terkendali atau tidak ada indikasi pendarahan dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Mutlak tidak ada cidera atau ada. Semua patah tulang sudah di mobilisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Ada 3 macam teknik pemindahan biasa / tidak darurat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paggy Back ( gendong )<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bopong<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Papah<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4          <u>PERALATAN PEMINDAHAN PENDERITA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Tandu Berdua / Tandu Ambulan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Tandu Lipat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Tandu Scop<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Tandu kursi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Tandu selimut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Papan  spinal panjang dan pendek<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 9. Evakuasi di lorong sempit ( Fire Fighter Drag )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 10. Cara mengangkat dan memindahkan korban<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 11. Teknik menggendong korban tidak sadar<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.5      <u>TEKNIK MELEWATI HALANG RINTANG PP</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.     <u>LORONG SEMPIT</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tandu diturunkan dulu dan diletakan ± 2M dari Ambang lorong sempit.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembawa bendera memeriksa keadaan dan mengadakan penjajakan dahulu dan meletakkan benderanya setelah melewatinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah menjajaki dan mencoba nya sendiri, pemberi bendera memberitahukan tentang hasil penjajakannya kepada ketua.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelaksanaan pertama penderita diangkat dari atas tandu oleh 3 orang penolong setelah itu penolong dalam keadaan berdiri. Penderita dirapatkan dalam keadaan miring.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembawa bendera mulai memasuki lorong empit dengan membawa tandu,setelah itu diikuti penolong yang membawa penderita. Pada waktu berjalan dilorong sempit harus dengan gerakan menyamping dan langkah para penolong harus teratur, menutup dan membuka kaki harus bersamaan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudian diikuti anggota lainnya yang membawa peralatan TasP3K, dan lain –lain.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah melewati lorong sempit penderita dipindahkan kembali ke tandu, sejenak memeriksa keadaan penderita tandu diangkat dengan tertib dan meneruskan perjalanan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.     <u>PAGAR TEMBOK</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tandu diturunkan dulu dan diletakan ± 2M dari pagar tembok.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembawa bendera memeriksa keadaan dan mengadakan penjajakan dahulu dan meletakkan benderanya setelah melewatinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah menjajaki dan mencoba nya sendiri, pemberi bendera memberitahukan tentang hasil penjajakannya kepada ketua.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelaksanaan pertama tandu diangkat tingggi oleh 4 orang penolong dengan posisi mendatar, pegangan tandu depan diletakan pada pagar tembok ± 2 jengkal dari ujung pegangan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembawa bendera meloncati tembok disusul dengan 2 penolong lainnya bagian depan pengangkat tandu.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah melewatinya. 2 penolong tersebut memegang kembali ujung tandu yang diletakkan pada tembok, kedilakukan gerakan menarik dari depan dan mendorong dari belakang sampai ujung tandu paling belakang ± 2 jengkal dari ujung pegangan diletakkan pada tembok.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudian 2 penolong yang mengankat tandu bagian belakang segera meloncati pagar tembok.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah selesai kembali mengatur posisi seperti semula dalam pengangkatan tandu.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejenak melakukan pemeriksaan, kemudian melajuti perjalanan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.     <u>GORONG – GORONG / URUNG URUNG</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tandu diturunkan dulu dan diletakan ± 2M dari gorong – gorong.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembawa bendera memeriksa keadaan dan mengadakan penjajakan dahulu dan meletakkan benderanya setelah melewatinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah menjajaki dan mencobanya sendiri, pemberi bendera memberitahukan tentang hasil penjajakannya kepada ketua.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelaksanaan pertama penderita diangkat dari atas tandu oleh 3 orang penolong.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita segera dibaringkan atau ditelungkupkan ( tergantung Pada keadaan lukanya ) diatas punggung salah satu penolong yang sudah dalam posisi tiarap dan siap memasuki gorong – gorong. Badan penderita disatukan dan diikat kebadan penolong.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembawa bendera terlebih dahulu dengan memasuki gorong – gorong dengan membawa tandu melewati gorong, kemudian kembali lagi dengan Posisi merayap , Penolong yang membawa penderita memegang pambawa bendera kemudian dibantu dengan anggota lainya dibelakang, serta disusul oleh Anggota lannya yang membawa tas P3K dan lain – lainnya..<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah melewati semuanya, penderita segera diangkat kembali dan diletakkan ketandu.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejenak melakukan pemeriksaan, kemudian melajuti perjalanan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.     <u>BAHAYA UDARA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu mendengar tanda bahaya, segera mencari temapat yang sekiranya dianggap aman.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tandu penderita segera diletakkan dan para penolong segara tiarap,dan mencari tempat yang dianggap aman.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi pembawa bendera, bendera di letakkan / ditutupi pada penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah tanda bahaya usai, kembali keposisi semula dan tandu penderita diusung kembali dan melanjuti perjalanan <o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.        <u>AMBULANCE</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <ol start="4" type="1"> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembawa bendera menbuka pintu belakang Ambulance.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tandu penderita diturunkan dan diletakkan ± 2M agak menyamping sebelah kiri atau kanan dari pintu ambulance.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 Orang penolong mengeluarkan tandu khusus dari ambulance, persisi didepan ambulance.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita diangkat oleg 3 orang penolong dan dipindahkan ke tandu khusus ambulance.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudian tandu khusus tersebut diangkat oleh 4 penolong untuk dimasukkan kedalam ambulance.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya tandu bawaan kosong dibawa dimasukkan kedalam ambulance bersama dengan 3 orang penolong lainnya, dan 3 orang penolong tersebut benrtindak untuk sebagai penjaga penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 orang lain dapat duduk didepan sebelah pengemudi.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pintu Ambulance ditutup dengan rapat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.         <u>RUMAH SAKIT</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.        Cara menurunkan penderita dari ambulance</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> Pembawa bendera turun terlebih dahulu, membuka pintu belakang ambulan.<br /> 2 orang lainya turun dari ambulan memegangi tandu dan mebuka kunci roda tandu.<br /> Satu orang mengeluarkan tandu kosongdan disiapkan disamping kanan/ kiri ambulance.<br /> Tandu khusus penderita ditarik keluardisambut oleh 2 orang penolong, kemudian diangkat sama-sama oleh 4 penolongkemduian diletakkan sejajra dengan tandu kosong.<br /> Penderita diangkat oleg 3 penolong ketandu kosong.<br /> Dengan 4 orang penolong tandu penderita dibawa masuk ruangan rumah sakit.<br /> <b>2.        Cara memindahkan penderita ketempat tidur</b><br /> Sewaktu penderita diangkat masuk ruangan rumah sakit , pembawa bendera melapor kepada petugas poliklinik, kemudian segera mengatur dan membereskan tempat tempat tidur.<br /> Setelah memasuki ruangan penderita diangkat oleh 3 penolong meletakkan ketempat tidur dengan rapi dan tertib<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.   <u>BANTUAN HIDUP DASAR dan RESUSITASI JANTUNG PARU</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1   <u>BANTUAN HIDUP DASAR </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat pertama kali menemukan penderita jika dalam melakukan penilaian dini, penolong menemukan gangguan pada salah satu dari ke tiga komponen, al : <i>tersumbatnya jalan napas, tidak menemukan adanya napas dan atau tidak adanya denyut nadi</i>. Menghadapi kasus seperti ini Pelaku Pertolongan Pertama harus menguasai dan melakukan tindakan yang dikenal istilah BANTUAN HIDUP DASAR. Karena tanpa menggunakan intervensi obat atau alat kejut jantung, jika sebaliknya disebut dengan Bantuan Hidup Lanjut (Advance Life Support). Khusus untuk BHD, penderita dibagi 3 , yaitu  :        <b>Bayi</b>    = 0 – 1 tahun,<b> Anak</b> = 1 – 8 tahun, dan <b>Dewasa</b>  =  > 8 tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ SISTEM PERNAPASAN DAN SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH ADALAH YANG UTAMA UNTUK HIDUP MANUSIA. JIKA SALAH SATU ATAU KEDUANYA TERGANGGU, ANCAMAN KEHILANGAN NYAWA SANGAT TINGGI “</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tubuh manusia dapat menyimpan makanan hanya beberapa minggu dan menyimpan air beberapa hari, tetapi hanya mampu menyimpan Oksigen hanya untuk beberapa menit saja ! Sistem Pernapasan memasok Oksigen ketubuh sesuai kebutuhan dan juga mengeluarkan Karbon Dioksida.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Sirkulasi inilah yang selanjutnya bertanggung jawab memberikan pasokan oksigen dan nutrisi keseluruh jaringan tubuh dan bertanggung jawab pula untuk membuang sisa –sisa makanan dari jaringan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah tindakan BHD :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A: AirwayControl (Penguasaan Jalan Napas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B: BreathingSupport (Bantuan Pernapasan)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C: Circulatory Support (Bantuan Sirkulasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-8. Sistem Pernafasan dan Sistem Sirkulasi Darah Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2   <u>KOMPONEN-KOMPONEN SIRKULASI</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.1     <u>JANTUNG</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai pemompa darah ke seluruh tubuh, Bagian sebelah kiri menerima darah yang kaya dengan oksigen setelah diproses dari paru – paru untuk selanjutnya diedarkan ke seluruh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian sebelah kanan menerima darah dari tubuh dan meneruskan ke paru – paru untuk kembali diperkaya dengan oksigen.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab jantung berhenti :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENYAKIT JANTUNG<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GANGGUAN PERNAPASAN<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SYOK<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KOMPLIKASI PENYAKIT LAIN<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.2     <u>PEMBULUH DARAH</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.      Arteri ( Pembuluh Nadi ) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Pembuluh darah yang mengangkut darah yang kaya oksigen ke seluruh tubuh. Darah yang keluar berwarna merah segar dan memancar ( merah terang )<br /> <b>2.      Kapiler ( Pembuluh Balik ) </b>:Pembuluh darah yang mengangkut darah dari seluruh tubuh kembali ke jantung. Darah yang keluar mengalir dan berwarna merah gelap dan jika terluka hanya menetes.<br /> <b>3.      Vena ( Pembuluh Rambut ) </b>: Arteri akan terbagi – bagi menjadi pembuluh yang lebih kecil sehingga dapat mencapai hingga lebih dekat dengan kulit. Darah yang keluar sangat sedikit dan kadang hanya berupa titik-titik perdarahan berwarna merah kehitaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Denyut </b>dapat dirasakan dengan mudah pada daerah dimana Arteri / Pembuluh Nadi berada dekat dengan kulit. Setiap kali jantung berdetak, anda dapat merasakan denyutnya pada sistem arteri.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Lokasi pengecekan denyut yang paling mudah:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radialis : Berada di pergelangan tangan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carotis : Berada di leher<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Femoralis : Berada di lipatan paha<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brachialis : Berada di Lengan atas<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorsalis Pedis : Berada di Punggung kaki<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tibialis Posterior : Berada di Belakang mata kaki<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.3     <u>DARAH</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komposisi darah terdiri atas sel darah putih, sel darah merah, dan plasma darah. Beberapa  fungsi  darah  antara  lain      :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membawa oksigen dan nutrisi ke seluruh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuang sisa-sisa makanan / zat sampah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melawan penyakit dan infeksi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemampuan pembekuan darah<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3         <u>KEMATIAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3.1      <u>MATI KLINIS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak ada napas dan nadi, bersifat reversibel.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Punya waktu 4 – 6 menit untuk diresusitasi tanpa kerusakan otak.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3.2      <u>MATI BIOLOGIS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi 8 – 10 menit dari henti napas dan henti jantung, bersifat irreversibel.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimulai dengan kematian sel – sel otak.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3.3      <u>TANDA-TANDA PASTI KEMATIAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebam mayat ( 20 – 30 menit )<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaku mayat ( 1 – 2 jam )<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembusukan ( 6 – 12 jam)<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda lainnya : cedera mematikan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4   <u>SUMBATAN JALAN NAPAS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenal Sumbatan jalan napas :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.1      <u>SUMBATAN SEBAGIAN ( PARSIAL )</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertukaran udara baik : diperlihatkan dengan batuk kuat<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertukaran udara buruk : diperlihatkan dengan batuk lemah tidak efektif, nada tinggi, kulit abu kebiruan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara napas memperlihatkan jenis sumbatan :<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara dengkur: lidah jatuh menutup jalan napas<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara lengking : kotak pita suara kejang ( spasme )<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara bengek: jalan napas membengkak atau kejang<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara kumur: darah, muntahan atau cairan lain di jalan napas.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.2     <u>SUMBATAN TOTAL </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tak dapat berbicara, bernapas atau batuk<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencengkram leher dengan satu atau kedua tangan ( tanda universal ).<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.3     <u>4  Koreksi  Sumbatan  Jalan  Nafas</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    Hentakan perut (abdominal thrust) : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">letak titik penekanan pada pertengahan antara umbilicus dengan procesus xipoideus ( Dewasa ).<br /> <b>2.    Hentakan Dada (Chest Thrust) : </b>letakkan titik penekanan pada pertengahan tulang dada ( Ibu hamil – Gemuk – Anak – bayi ).<br /> <b>3.    Pukulan punggung</b><br /> <b>4.    Sapuan jari  (Finger Sweep) </b>:  Jika ada sumbatan/benda asing yang terlihat di dalam mulut. Teknik ini tidakboleh dilakukan pada bayi &anak kecil, kecuali benda asingnya sudah terlihat di dalam mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.4     <u>Koreksi Sumbatan jalan napas pada dewasa sadar</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Bila seseorang sadar tidak dapat bicara, napas atau batuk :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan sampai 5 x hentakan perut ( Heimlich manuver )<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Periksa, apakah sumbatan benda asing sudah keluar<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi wanita hamil atau orang gemuk :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Lakukan hentakan dada</b><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Ulangi siklus 5 x hentakan perut, sampai :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korban bantuk mengeluarkan benda asing tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korban mulai bernapas atau batuk kuat<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korban menjadi tidak sadar<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Nilai kembali korban sesudah setiap 5 x hentakan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Anda dapat melakukan kombinasi hentakan perut dengan pukulan punggung.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 15.0pt;" width="20"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 140.25pt;" width="187"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 19.5pt;" width="26"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 174.0pt;" width="232"></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 116.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="height: 116.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="height: 116.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" valign="top"></td> <td style="height: 116.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="height: 116.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 84.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 84.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="height: 84.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="height: 84.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-13. Pukulan punggung pada bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3-12.  Hentakan Perut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">                  </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-15. Sapuan Jari<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-14. Hentakan Perut ( Lanjut )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-16. Hentakan Dada pada Ibu Hamil dan Dewasa<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-17. Hentakan Perut dan Hentakan Dada pada Anak<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-18. Hentakan Dada dan Pukulan Punggung pada Bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.5      <u>Koreksi  Sumbatan  Jalan  Napas Pada  Dewasa Tidak Sadar</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Bila seseorang tidak sadar dan 2 inflasi tidak masuk dan sesudah reposisi, 2 inflasi tidak masuk lagi, lakukan :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan 5 x hentakan perut dengan posisi mengangkang diatas korban.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan tekhnik sapuan jari<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Untuk anak : Tekhnik sapuan jari hanya bila benda terlihat jelas.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-19. Tahap<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan BHD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-20. Sapuan Jari Pada Bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-21. Koreksi Sumbatan Jalan Nafas Pada Anak dan Bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.6     <u>Bila  langkah  tersebut  gagal :</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Ulangi siklus terus sampai berhasil atau bantuan medis tiba</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri 2 inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gagal, reposisi kepala, ulangi 2 inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan 5 x hentakan perut<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan tekhnik sapuan jari.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5   <u>RESUSITASI  JANTUNG  PARU</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah Kombinasi pernapasan buatan dan kompresi dada luar untuk mengembalikan fungsi jantung dan paru.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RJP dilakukan ketika  tidak ada respons dari korban atau tidak ada nadi dan tidak ada nafas ( mati klinis )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.1     <u>Pada Saat melakukan RJP</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan diatas alas yang datar ,rata & keras.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan 5 Siklus selama 2 menit ( 30 kompresi, 2 inflasi ).<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Periksa kembali napas dan nadi. Minta seseorang menilai nadi karotis.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat gerakan naik turunnya dada saat bantuan napas diberikan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi pupil mungkin akan kembali normal.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna kulit penderita berangsur-angsur membaik.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita mungkin menunjukkan refleks menelan dan bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nadi akan berdenyut kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika nadi masih tidak teraba, lanjutkan RJP dengan setiap 2 menit periksa napas dan nadi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika nadi sudah teraba namun napas belum ada, lanjutkan napas  dengan 1 tiupan tiap 5 – 6 detik<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masalah Pakaian Korban<b> : </b>Biasanya tidak perlu untuk melepas atau membuka pakaian korban.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.1.1     <u>Lepaskan atau buka bila :</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerah pakaian menghalangi pemeriksaan denyut nadi leher<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakaian terlalu tebal untuk menentukan titik kompresi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tak dapat menemukan tempat posisi tangan yang tepat<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur peraturan lokal yang mengharuskan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.1.2     <u>Korban mempunyai kesempatan hidup lebih baik bila :</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RJP dimulai dalam 4 menit pertama henti jantung<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korban menerima bantuan hidup lanjut dalam 4 menit kemudian<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.25pt;" width="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-22. Posisi RJP anak, dewasa dan 2 orang penolong<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-23 Posisi Tubuh Penolong Dalam Melakukan RJP Dewasa<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.1.3     <u>RJP DEWASA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa Respon A–S–N-T</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Minta Bantuan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Posisikan Korban dan mulai penilaian dini</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Buka jalan napas dan periksa napas ( Sumbatan ( – ) )</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 2 x napas buatan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa denyut nadi ( -)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa perdarahan besar ( -)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Tentukan tempat / titik kompresi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 15 x kompresi, kecepatan 80 x/menit –kedalaman kompresi 4 –5 cm</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 2 x napas buatan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Ulangi siklus, langkah 8 dan 9 (4 siklus dalam 1 menit)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa denyut nadi leher setiap beberapa menit</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Pulih, Posisikan korban miring stabil</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa selalu A –B -C</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.1.4     <u>RJP ANAK</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa Respon A–S–N-T</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Minta Bantuan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Posisikan Korban dan mulai penilaian dini</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Buka jalan napas dan periksa napas ( Sumbatan ( – ) )</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 2 x napas buatan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa denyut nadi ( -)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa perdarahan besar ( -)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Tentukan tempat / titik kompresi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 5 x kompresi, kecepatan 100 x/menit –kedalaman kompresi 3–4cm</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>-Kompresi dilakukan hanya dengan 1 tangan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 1x napas buatan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Ulangi siklus, langkah 8 dan 9 (4 siklus dalam 1 menit)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa denyut nadi leher setiap beberapa menit</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Pulih, Posisikan korban miring stabil</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa selalu A –B –C</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-24. Posisi RJP Anak<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-25. Posisi RJP Pada Bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.1.5     <u>RJP BAYI</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa Respon A–S–N-T</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Minta Bantuan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Posisikan Korban dan mulai penilaian dini</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Buka jalan napas dan periksa napas ( Sumbatan ( – ) )</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 2 x napas buatan, gunakan udara dalam mulut</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa denyut nadi ( -)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa perdarahan besar ( -)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Tentukan tempat / titik kompresi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 5 x kompresi, kecepatan 100 x/menit,kedalaman kompresi, 2,3 cm</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Kompresi dilakukan hanya dengan 2 jari tangan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Beri 1x napas buatan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Ulangi siklus, langkah 8 dan 9 ( 4 siklus dalam 1 menit )</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa denyut nadi leher setiap beberapa menit</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Pulih, Posisikan korban miring stabil dalam gendongan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  <b>Periksa selalu A –B –C</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.2      <u>Kapan menghentikan RJP </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korban pulih ( denyut nadi dan napas kembali )<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diganti oleh tenaga terlatih<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelelahan untuk meneruskan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dokter mengatakan untuk menghentikan tindakan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Henti Jantung sudah lebih 30 menit ( dengan atau tanpa RJP )<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Pendapat ini masih kontroversial dilapangan tanpa ahli.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.3     <u>Posisi Pemulihan ( Miring Stabil )</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korban tak sadar – bernapas – tanpa trauma</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gunakan posisi miring stabil, caranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Miringkan korban pada salah satu sisi tubuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempatkan pada satu tangan sebagai penopang kepala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekuk tungkai untuk mencegah korban bergulir.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.5pt;" width="22"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-26. Tahap Proses Posisi Pemulihan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb 3-27. Posisi pemulihan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.4     <u>Bahaya Komplikasi RJP</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    Muntah, sebab :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian napas buatan terlalu cepat<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian napas buatan terlalu keras<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumbatan jalan napas sebagian atau total.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.    Inhalasi benda asing ( aspirasi ) :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 3 zat yang mengancam kehidupan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspirasi bahan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspirasi bukan cairan lambung ( tenggelam )<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspirasi asam lambung<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.    Distensi Lambung, sebab :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Napas buatan terlalu cepat<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Napas buatan terlalu kuat<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumbatan jalan napas parsial atau total<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Jangan coba mendorong keluar udara dari lambung.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.    Luka dengan adanya cedera, seperti :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patah Tulang iga, lepasnya iga, memar paru, robeknya paru, hati dan limpa.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="height: 2.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 9.0pt;" width="12"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.         <u>PERDARAHAN dan SYOK</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1      <u>PERDARAHAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem peredaran darah yang terdiri dari 3 komponen utama yaitu jantung, pembuluh darah dan darah. Dalam tubuh manusia darah relatif selalu berada dalam pembuluh darah kecuali pada saat masuk dalam jaringan untuk melakukan pertukaran bahan makanan dan oksigen dengan zat sisa pembakaran tubuh dan karbondioksida.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1.1  <u>KLASIFIKASI SUMBER PERDARAHAN / GOLONGAN PENDARAHAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perdarahan terjadi apabila darah keluar dari pembuluh darah oleh berbagai sebab seperti cedera atau penyakit. Berdasarkan sumber perdarahan:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.      Perdarahan nadi (arteri). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Darah yang berasal dari pembuluh nadi keluar memancar sesuai dengan denyutan nadi dan berwarna merah terang.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.      Perdarahan balik (vena). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Darah yang keluar dari pumbuluh balik, mengalir, berwarna merah gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.      Perdarahan rambut (kapiler). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berasal dari pembuluh kapiler, darah yang keluar merembes perlahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 28. Macam – macam Perdarahan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1.2  <u>JENIS-JENIS PERDARAHAN </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.        Perdarahan Luar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perdarahan yang <b>terlihat jelas</b> darah keluar dari luka terbuka. Untuk membantu memperkirakan berapa banyak darah yang telah keluar dari tubuh penderita, hal yang dipakai adalah keluhan korban dan tanda vital. Bila keluhan korban sudah mengarah ke gejala dan tanda syok seperti yang dibahas dalam topik ini maka penolong wajib mencurigai bahwa kehilangan darah terjadi dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.        Perdarahan Dalam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perdarahan dalam biasanya <b>tak terlihat dan kulit tidak tampak rusak</b> sehinga darah tidak bisa mengalir langsung. Kadang-kadang terlihat berada dibawah permukaan kulit tanpa memar.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perdarahan dalam dapat berkisar dari skala kecil hingga yang mengancam jiwa penderita. Kehilangan darah tidak dapat diamati pada perdarahan dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü <u> <b>5 Stasiun </b>perdarahan dalam :</u><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rongga Kepala ( Cranium )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rongga Dada</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rongga Tulang Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rongga Perut ( Abdomen )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rongga Panggul ( Pelphis )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü <b><u>Tanda dan Gejala Perdarahan Dalam :</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waspadai</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adanya perdarahan dalam, bila terjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)    Riwayat benturan benda tumpul yang kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)    Patah tulang tertutup<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)    Luka tusuk<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)    Darah / cairan yang keluar dari telinga atau hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)    Muntah atau batuk darah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f)     Memar luas pada batan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g)    Luka tembus dada atau perut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h)    Nyeri tekan, kaku atau kejang pada dinding perut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i)      BAK / BAB berdarah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j)      Selalu haus<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2      <u>PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA PADA PERDARAHAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perdarahan yang harus segera ditangani adalah perdarahan yang dapat mengancam nyawa.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2.1     <u>PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP INFEKSI PADA PENANGANAN  PERDARAHAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakai APD agar tidak terkena darah / cairan tubuh korban.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan menyentuh mulut, hidung, mata, makanan sewaktu memberikan perawatan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cucilah tangan segera setelah selesai merawat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dekontaminasi atau buang bahan yang sudah ternoda dengan darah atau cairan tubuh korban.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahaya lain pada perdarahan adalah kemungkinan terjadinya penularan penyakit. Banyak kuman penyakit bertahan hidup di dalam darah manusia, sehingga bila darah korban ini bisa masuk kedalam tubuh penolong maka ada kemungkinan penolong dapat tertular penyakit. Maka itu semua jenis cairan yang berasal dari korban, kita anggap itu beracun.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2.2     <u>MENGENDALIKAN PERDARAHAN LUAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   Tekan langsung</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada lukanya. Tekan bagian yang berdarah tepat diatas luka, umumnya perdarahan akan berhenti setelah 5 -15 menit. Bila belum berhenti dapat ditambah penutup lain, tanpa melepas penutup pertama.<br /> <b>2.   Tekan sebelum</b> lukanya pada titik tekan ( Pada titik nadi yang lebih dekat dari arah jantung ).<br /> <b>3.   Elevasi</b> : Meninggikan daerah yang mengalami perdarahan / lebih tinggi dari jantung dan lakukan bersamaan dengan tekanan langsung (dilakukan hanya untuk anggota gerak saja).<br /> <b>4.   Torniquet </b>( sangat tidak dianjukan ). Hanya digunakan dalam keadaan gawat darurat dimana tidak ada cara lain utnuk menghentikan perdarahan. Torniket diaplikasikan sedekat mungkin dengan titik perdarahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 10.5pt;" width="14"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 29. Koreksi Perdarahan Luar<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 30. Menghentikan perdarahan luar<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.3      <u>PERAWATAN PERDARAHAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.3.1     <u>PADA PERDARAHAN BESAR:</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan buang waktu hanya untuk mencari penutup luka.<br /> <b>b.  </b>Tekan langsung dengan tangan ( sebaiknya menggunakan sarung tangan latex).<br /> <b>c.   </b>Pertahankan dan tekan cukup kuat.<br /> <b>d.  </b>Rawat luka setelah perdarahan terkendali.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.3.2     <u>PADA PERDARAHAN RINGAN ATAU TERKENDALI</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gunakan tekanan langsung dengan penutup luka.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekan sampai perdarahan terkendali.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertahankan penutup luka dan balut.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaiknya jangan melepas penutup luka atau balutan pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.3.3     <u>PERDARAHAN DALAM ATAU CURIGA ADA PERDARAHAN DALAM</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baringkan dan istirahatkan penderita<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buka jalan nafas dan pertahankan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Periksa berkala pernafasan dan denyut nadi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perawatan syok bila terjadi atau akan terjadi syok<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan beri makan dan minum<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rawatlah cedera berat lainnya bila ada<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ada berikan oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ Penanganan perdarahan berarti mengendalikan perdarahan, bukan berarti menghentikan perdarahan sama sekali. ”</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4      <u>PENUTUP DAN PEMBALUT LUKA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4.1  <u>PENUTUP LUKA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gunanya untuk :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu mengendalikan perdarahan<br /> <b>2.   </b>Mencegah kontaminasi  lebih lanjut<br /> <b>3.   </b>Mempercepat penyembuhan<br /> <b>4.   </b>Mengurangi nyeri<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4.1.1     <u>PENUTUPAN LUKA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Penutup luka harus meliputi seluruh permukaan luka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Upayakan permukaan luka sebersih mungkin sebelum menutup luka, kecuali bila luka disertai perdarahan, maka prioritasnya adalah menghentikan perdarahan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Pemasangan penutup luka harus dilakukan sedemikian rupa sehingga permukaan penutup yang menempel pada bagian luka tidak terkontaminasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4.1.2     <u>PENGGUNAAN PENUTUP LUKA PENEKAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kombinasi penutup luka dan pembalut dapat juga dipakai untuk membantu melakukan tekanan langsung pada kasus perdarahan. Langkah-langkahnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempatkan beberapa penutup luka kasa steril langsung  di atas luka  dan tekan.<br /> <b>2.   </b>Beri bantalan penutup luka.<br /> <b>3.   </b>Gunakan pembalut rekat, menahan penutup luka.<br /> <b>4.   </b>Balut.<br /> <b>5.   </b>Periksa denyut nadi ujung bawah daerah luka (distal).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4.2     <u>PEMBALUT</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembalut adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk mempertahankan penutup luka. Bahan pembalut dibuat dari bermacam materi kain.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4  FUNGSI PEMBALUT </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penekanan untuk membantu menghentikan perdarahan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempertahankan penutup luka pada tempatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjadi penopang untuk bagian tubuh yang cedera.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemasangan yang baik akan membantu proses penyembuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4.2.1     <u>BEBERAPA JENIS PEMBALUT</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembalut pita/gulung.<br /> <b>2.    </b>Pembalut segitiga (mitela).<br /> <b>3.    </b>Pembalut penekan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4.2.2     <u>PEMBALUTAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan memasang pembalut sampai perdarahan terhenti, kecuali pembalutan penekanan untuk menghentikan perdarahan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan membalut terlalu kencang atau terlalu longgar.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan biarkan ujung bahan terurai, karena dapat tersangkut pada saat memindahkan korban<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila membalut luka yang kecil sebaiknya daerah yang dibalut lebih lebar  untuk menambah luasnya permukaan  yang mengalami tekanan diperluas sehingga mencegah terjadinya kerusakan jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan menutupi ujung jari, bagian ini dapat menjadi petunjuk apabila pembalutan kita  terlalu kuat yaitu dengan mengamati ujung jari. Bila pucat artinya pembalutan terlalu kuat dan harus diperbaiki.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khusus pada anggota gerak pembalutan dilakukan dari bagian yang jauh lebih dahulu lalu mendekati tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan pembalutan dalam posisi yang diinginkan, misalnya untuk pembalutan sendi jangan berusaha menekuk sendi bila dibalut dalam keadaan lurus.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 31. Membalut luka di kepala dengan kain pita<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 32. Balutan Spika pada alat gerak dengan kain pita<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 33. Pembalutan pada kepala dengan kain mitela<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 34. Pembalutan pada sendi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 35. Balutan Spiral pada alat gerak dengan kain pita<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 36. Balutan Recurrent pada amputasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.5      <u>SYOK</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syok terjadi bila system peredaran darah (sirkulasi) gagal mengirimkan darah yang mengandung oksigen dan bahan nutrisi ke organ vital (terutama otak, jantung, dan paru-paru).</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.5.1     <u>PENYEBAB</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegagalan jantung memompa darah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kehilangan darah dalam jumlah besar<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelebaran pembuluh darah yang luas, sehingga darah tidak dapat mengisinya dengan baik<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan cairan tubuh yang banyak<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <u>TANDA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernafasan : cepat dan dangkal<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nadi : cepat dan lemah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit : pucat, dingin, dan lembab<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wajah : pucat, sianosis pada bibir, lidah, da cuping telinga<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mata : pandangan hampa, pupil melebar<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melemas, mungkin pingsan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.5.2     <u>GEJALA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mual, mungkin muntah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Haus<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pusing<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelisah dan takut mati<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.5.3     <u>PENANGANAN SYOK</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bawa penderita ke tempat yang teduh dan nyaman<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidurkan terlentang, tungkai ditinggikan 20-30 cm bila tidak ada kecurigaan patah tulang belakang atau patah tungkai.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakaian penderita dilonggarkan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cegah kehlangan panas tubuh dengan beri selimut<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tenangkan penderita<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pastikan pernafasan baik<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontrol pendarahan dan rawat cedera lainnya bila ada<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ada berikan oksigen sesuai protocol<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan beri makan dan minim<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Periksa berkala tanda vital secara berkala<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.            <u>CIDERA JARINGAN LUNAK dan CIDERA KHUSUS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JANGAN BERSIHKAN PADA LUKANYA LANGSUNG, TAPI BERSIHKAN SEKITAR LUKANYA LEBIH DULU, LALU TUTUP DENGAN PENUTUP LUKA, SETELAH ITU DIBALUT DENGAN PEMBALUT LUKA.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.1         <u>CIDERA JARINGAN LUNAK</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertolongan pertama cedera jaringan lunak</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berkaitan erat dengan<b> perdarahan</b> dan <b>pertolongan pertama</b> untuk mengatasinya. Hal ini karena cedera jaringan lunak adalah salah satu penyebab terjadinya perdarahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 8px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa sih yang dimaksud dengan cedera jaringan lunak?? Dalam bahasa sehari-hari, kita sering mengenal cedera jaringan lunak dengan istilah luka yaitu terputusnya keutuhan jaringan lunak baik di luar ataupun di dalam tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan lunak ini meliputi kulit, jaringan lemak, pembuluh darah, jaringan ikat, membran. kelenjar, otot dan saraf. Pada jaringan lunak, kulit bertindak sebagai pertahanan tubuh lapisan pertama terhadap gaya dari luar yang mudah mengalami cedera dan sangat jelas bila mengalami cedera.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika terjadi cedera jaringan lunak maka bisa menimbulkan beberapa komplikasi pada tubuh korban seperti perdarahan, kelumpuhan dan lainnya sesuai dengan luasnya dan jaringan lunak yang terkena.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 2 kategori cidera jaringan lunak,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yaitu     :<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cidera Jaringan Lunak Terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cidera Jaringan Lunak Tertutup<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.1.1      <u>CIDERA JARINGAN LUNAK TERBUKA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø <b>Ada 7 macam cidera jaringan lunak terbuka :</b><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   Lecet / Abrasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> <b>2.   Sayat</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Untuk luka yang lebar, gunakan kain mitela lipatan 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Untuk luka pada sendi, gunakan kain mitela lipatan 4, dengan balutan spika.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Untuk luka yang kecil, gunakan kain mitela lipatan 8, dengan balutan spiral.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.   Tusuk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Jangan cabut penusuknya, kecuali mengganggu jalan nafas. Stabilkan saja penusuknya menggunakan kain mitela dengan balutan donat, karena penusuknya berfungsi sebagai tampoon.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.   Remuk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Lakukan pembidaian ( min. 2 buah ) pada bagian yang remuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.   Gigitan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Sebaiknya untuk luka gigitan apapun kita asumsikan itu beracun. Gunakan Band-Aid elastis / Tensokrep dengan balutan spiral, lalu bawa ke Rumah Sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.   Tembak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Pada bagian vital, kita tidak dapat berbuat banyak. Pada bagian lain, tidak akan terasa sakit sebelum terkontaminasi dengan udara. Pada extrimitas atas dan extrimitas bawah jangan cabut proyektilnya, cukup hentikan perdarahannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.   Amputasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü 6 – 8 jam  =  Golden Periode ( masih dapat disambung )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü Ambil organ yang putus, masukkan ke wadah yang bersih dan kedap. Lalu mesukkan ke dalam es. Lalu balut lukanya menggunakan kain mitela dengan balutan recurrent. Lalu bawa ke rumah sakit untuk mendapatkan perawatan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.1.2     <u>CIDERA JARINGAN LUNAK TERTUTUP</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø <b>Ada 2 macam cidera jaringan lunak tertutup,</b> yaitu       :<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø <b>Penanganan     :</b><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terkilir</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   R          </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=          REST, Istirahatkan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           =          ICE, ambil es batu<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C          </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=          COMPRESS, lalu kompres<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E          </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=          ELEVATION, angkat lebih tiggi dari jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika dalam 1 x 24 jam dengan cara tersebut diatas masih  belum baik, maka direndam dengan air hangat.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   Jangan diurut karena menyebabkan <i>dilaktasi </i>dan luka pada pembuluh darah.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan :  Hanya Fraktur dan Dislokasi yang boleh diurut.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.2         <u>CIDERA KHUSUS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.2.1      <u>Haepitaxis / Mimisan</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditengadahkan dan dipenceet hidungnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Periksa apakah ada cairan otak yang keluar.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan disumbat, tapi ditutup saja dengan penutup luka dan plester.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.2.2     <u>Tertusuk dibagian Dada dan Leher</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bagian dada dan leher terdapat organ komponen sirkulasi dimana terjadinya gangguan pada organ tersebut dapat menyebabkan kematian.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika penusuknya harus dicabut, langsung tutup lukanya dengan tangan / platik agar kedap dan udara tidak masuk ke pembuluh darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.2.3     <u>Eviserasi ( Organ Perut Keluar )</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan direposisi, posisikan <i>Litotomi.</i> Gunakan balutan donat yang besar untuk menstabilkan organnya dan selalu disiram air supaya tidak lengket.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.2.4     <u>Korban Benturan Keras</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Curigai adanya trauma tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Benturan keras <b>di kepala</b> ;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Periksa adanya <i>cerebrospinalpluit </i>yang keluar dari hidung dan kuping. Jika ada jangan disumbat, tapi ditutup saja.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika yang terbentur bagian sebelah kiri, biasanya yang cidera bagian sebelah kanan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Otak Kecil           :</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengatur pernafasan,  Kesadaran  dan  Keseimbangan  Tubuh.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.         <u>PATAH TULANG / FRAKTUR dan PEMBIDAIAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1      <u>PATAH TULANG / FRAKTUR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1.1      <u>DEFINISI</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terputusnya jaringan yang disebabkan oleh benturan / gesekan yang mengakibatkan sakit bila di gerakan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1.2      <u>CIDERA OTOT RANGKA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat gerak yang terdiri dari tulang, sendi, jaringan ikat dan otot pada manusia sangat penting. Setiap cedera atau gangguan yang terjadi pada sistem ini akan mengakibatkan terganggunya pergerakan seseorang untuk sementara atau selamanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan yang paling sering dialami pada cedera otot rangka adalah Patah tulang. Pengertian patah tulang ialah terputusnya jaringan tulang, baik seluruhnya atau hanya sebagian saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1.3      <u>PENYEBAB</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dasarnya tulang itu merupakan benda padat, namun masih sedikit memiliki kelenturan. Bila teregang melampau batas kelenturannya maka tulang tersebut akan patah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1.4      <u>CEDERA DAPAT TERJADI SEBAGAI AKIBAT :</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.      Gaya langsung.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulang langsung menerima gaya yang besar sehingga patah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.      Gaya tidak langsung.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gaya yang terjadi pada satu bagian tubuh diteruskan ke bagian tubuh lainnya yang relatif lemah,sehingga akhirnya bagian lain inilah yang patah. Bagian yang menerima benturan langsung tidak mengalami cedera berarti.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Gaya puntir.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain gaya langsung, juga tulang dapat menerima puntiran atau terputar sampai patah. Ini sering terjadi pada lengan. Mekanisme terjadinya cedera harus diperhatikan pada kasus-kasus yang berhubungan dengan patah tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini dapat memberikan gambaran kasar kepada kita seberapa berat cedera yang kita hadapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1.5      <u>GEJALA DAN TANDA PATAH TULANG</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengingat besarnya gaya yang diterima maka kadang kasus patah tulang gejalanya dapat tidak jelas. Beberapa gejala dan tanda yang mungkin dijumpai pada patah tulang :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi perubahan bentuk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada anggota badan yang patah. <i>Seeing</i> merupakan satu-satunya tanda yang terlihat. Cara yang paling baik untuk menentukannya adalah dengan membandingkannya dengan sisi yang sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyeri</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di daerah yang patah dan kaku pada saat ditekan atau bila digerakkan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bengkak,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> disertai memar / perubahan warna di daerah yang cedera.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdengar suara berderak ( kripitus )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada daerah yang patah (suara ini tidak perlu dibuktikan dengan menggerakkan bagian cedera tersebut).<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mungkin terlihat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bagian tulang yang patah pada luka.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1.6     <u>PEMBAGIAN PATAH TULANG</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan kedaruratannya patah tulang dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   Patah tulang terbuka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> <b>2.   Patah tulang tertutup</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang membedakannya adalah lapisan kulit di atas bagian yang patah. Pada patah tulang terbuka, kulit di permukaan daerah yang patah terluka. Pada kasus yang berat bagian tulang yang patah terlihat dari luar. Perbedaannya adalah jika ada luka maka kuman akan dengan mudah sampai ke tulang, sehingga dapat terjadi infeksi tulang. Patah tulang terbuka termasuk kedaruratan segera.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1.7     <u>PERTOLONGAN CEDERA ALAT GERAK</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan penilaian dini.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan pemeriksaan fisik.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilkan bagian yang patah secara manual, pegang sisi sebelah atas dan sebelah bawah cedera, jangan sampai menambah rasa sakit penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paparkan seluruh bagian yang diduga cedera.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atasi perdarahan dan rawat luka bila ada.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siapkan semua peralatan dan bahan untuk membidai.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan pembidaian.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurangi rasa sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kenali dan atasi keadaan yang mengancam jiwa.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan terpancing oleh cedera yang terlihat berat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Istirahatkan bagian yang cedera.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompres es bagian yang cedera (khususnya pada patah tulang tertutup).<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baringkan penderita pada posisi yang nyaman.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.2         <u>PEMBIDAIAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanganan patah tulang yang paling utama adalah dengan melakukan pembidaian. Pembidaian adalah berbagai tindakan dan upaya untuk mengistirahatkan bagian yang patah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.2.1     <u>TUJUAN PEMBIDAIAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencegah pergerakan/pergeseran dari ujung tulang yang patah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengurangi terjadinya cedera baru disekitar bagian tulang yang patah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberi istirahat pada anggota badan yang patah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengurangi rasa nyeri.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempercepat penyembuhan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.2.2     <u>BEBERAPA MACAM JENIS BIDAI</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.      Bidai Keras. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umumnya terbuat dari kayu, alumunium, karton, plastik atau bahan lain yang kuat dan ringan. Pada dasarnya merupakan bidai yang paling baik dan sempurna dalam keadaan darurat. Kesulitannya adalah mendapatkan bahan yang memenuhi syarat di lapangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : bidai kayu, bidai udara, bidai vakum.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.      Bidai Traksi. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidai bentuk jadi dan bervariasi tergantung dari pembuatannya, hanya dipergunakan oleh tenaga yang terlatih khusus, umumnya dipakai pada patah tulang paha.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : bidai traksi tulang paha.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.      Bidai Improvisasi. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidai yang dibuat dengan bahan yang cukup kuat dan ringan untuk penopang. Pembuatannya sangat tergantung dari bahan yang tersedia dan kemampuan improvisasi si penolong.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : majalah, koran, karton dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.      Gendongan / Belat dan Bebat. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembidaian dengan menggunakan pembalut, umumnya dipakai mitela (kain segitiga) dan memanfaatkan tubuh penderita sebagai sarana untuk menghentikan pergerakan daerah cedera.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : gendongan lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.2.3      <u>PEDOMAN UMUM PEMBIDAIAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membidai dengan bidai jadi ataupun improvisasi, haruslah tetap mengikuti pedoman umum. Adapun pedoman – pedoman tersebut antara lain adalah sebagai berikut     :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedapat mungkin beritahukan rencana tindakan kepada penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum membidai paparkan seluruh bagian yang cedera dan rawat perdarahan bila ada.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selalu buka atau bebaskan pakaian pada daerah sendi sebelum membidai, buka perhiasan di daerah patah atau di bagian distalnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nilai gerakan-sensasi-sirkulasi (GSS) pada bagian distal cedera sebelum melakukan pembidaian.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siapkan alat-alat selengkapnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan berupaya merubah posisi bagian yang cedera. Upayakan membidai dalam posisi ketika ditemukan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan berusaha memasukkan bagian tulang yang patah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidai harus meliputi dua sendi dari tulang yang patah. Sebelum dipasang diukur lebih dulu pada anggota badan penderita yang sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila cedera terjadi pada sendi, bidai kedua tulang yang mengapit sendi tersebut. Upayakan juga membidai sendi distalnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisi bidai dengan bahan yang lunak, bila memungkinkan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isilah bagian yang kosong antara tubuh dengan bidai dengan bahan pelapis.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikatan jangan terlalu keras dan jangan longgar.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikatan harus cukup jumlahnya, dimulai dari sendi yang banyak bergerak, kemudian sendi atas dari tulang yang patah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selesai dilakukan pembidaian, dilakukan pemeriksaan GSS kembali, bandingkan dengan pemeriksaan GSS yang pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan membidai berlebihan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gb. 3 – 37. Pembidaian secara umum ( patah tulang hasta )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.        <u>LUKA BAKAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.1      <u>SEBAB</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Panas<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Listrik<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Radiasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.2      <u>PENGGOLONGAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan dalamnya luka bakar dibagi menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Luka bakar superfisial (derajat satu)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang terbakar hanya meliputi lapisan kulit yang paling atas saja <b>( dermis ).</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditandai</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan kemerahan, nyeri dan kadang-kadang bengkak<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.  Luka bakar derajat dua (sedikit lebih dalam)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang terbakar meliputi lapisan paling luar kulit yang rusak dan lapisan dibawahnya terganggu <b>( epidermis )</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar jenis ini paling sakit, <b>ditandai</b> dengan gelembung-gelembung pada kulit berisi cairan, bengkak, kulti kemerahan atau putih, lembab dan rusak.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.  Luka bakar derajat tiga</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan yang terkena ( bakar ) tidak terbatas, bahkan dapat sampai ke tulang dan organ dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar ini paling berat dan ditandai dengan kulit biasanya kering, pucat atau putih, namun dapat juga gosong dan hitam. Dapat diikuti dengan mati rasa karena kerusakan saraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah disekitarnya nyeri. Berbeda dengan derajat satu dan dua luka bakar derajat tiga tidak menimbulkan nyeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.3   <u>LUAS LUKA BAKAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.3.1     <u>Rumus Sembilan ( Rules Nine ) Luka Bakar</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 154.5pt;" width="206"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAGIAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 92.25pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DEWASA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 96.0pt;" width="128"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ANAK</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 154.5pt;" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEPALA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 92.25pt;" width="123"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9 %  </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 96.0pt;" width="128"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18 %</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 154.5pt;" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EXTRIMITAS ATAS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 92.25pt;" width="123"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">@ 9 %  =  <b>18 %</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 96.0pt;" width="128"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">@ 9 %  =  <b>18 %</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 154.5pt;" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TUBUH DEPAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 92.25pt;" width="123"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18 %</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 96.0pt;" width="128"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18 %</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 154.5pt;" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TUBUH BELAKANG</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 92.25pt;" width="123"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18 %</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 96.0pt;" width="128"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18 %</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 154.5pt;" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEMALUAN / GENITAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 92.25pt;" width="123"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 %</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 96.0pt;" width="128"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 154.5pt;" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EXTRIMITAS BAWAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 92.25pt;" width="123"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">@ 18 % =  <b>36 %</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 96.0pt;" width="128"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">@ 14 % =  <b>28 %</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" width="456"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PADA ANAK, GENITAL DIGABUNG DENGAN EXTRIMITAS ATAS<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.3.2     <u>Rumus telapak tangan</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara lain untuk menghitung luas luka bakar adalah Membanding-kannya dengan luas telapak tangan korban. Telapak tangan korban dianggap memiliki luas 1% luas permukaan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlu diingat bahwa perhitungan luas luka bakar dihitung berdasarkan masing-masing derajat luka bakar.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.4      <u>DERAJAT BERAT LUKA BAKAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam menilai Derajat Berat Luka Bakar ditentukan oleh dua faktor utama yaitu luasnya permukaan tubuh yang mengalami luka bakar dan lokasinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   Luka bakar ringan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat tiga kurang dari 2% luas, kecuali pada wajah, tangan, kaki, kemaluan atau saluran napas.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat dua kurang dari 15%.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat satu sampai dengan dari 50%.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   Luka bakar sedang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat tiga antara 2% sampai 10%, kecuali pada wajah, tangan, kaki, kemaluan atau saluran napas.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat dua antara 15% sampai 30%.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat satu lebih dari 50%.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.   Luka bakar berat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua luka bakar yang disertai cedera pada saluran napas, cedera jaringan lunak dan cedera tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat dua atau tiga pada wajah, tangan, kaki, kemaluan atau saluran napas.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat tiga di atas 10%.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar derajat dua lebih dari 30%.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar yang disertai cedera alat gerak ( extrimitas )<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar mengelilingi alat gerak<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka Bakar CIRCUMVERRENCIAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> = Luka Bakar Yang Meninggalkan Tanda Dari Logam<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka Bakar INHALASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> = Luka Bakar Pada Saluran Pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.5      <u>BEBERAPA PENYULIT PADA LUKA BAKAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia penderita, biasanya mereka dengan usia kurang dari 5 tahun atau lebih dari 55 tahun. Penanganan kelompok usia ini biasanya lebih sulit.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya penyakit penyerta. Proses penatalaksanaan sering menjadi sukar dan berkepanjangan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.6      <u>PENATALAKSANAAN LUKA BAKAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam menangani kasus Luka Bakar, pertama-tama harus diperhatikan       :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Keamanan keadaan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü  Keamanan penolong dan orang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hentikan proses luka bakarnya. Alirkan air dingin pada bagian yang terkena.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ada bahan kimia alirkan air terus menerus sekurang-kurangnya selama 20 menit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buka pakaian, perhiasan dan lainnya yang mengandung logam.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan penilaian dini<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan pernapasan buatan bila perlu<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan derajat berat dan luas luka bakar<br /> <b>6.   </b>Tutup luka bakar dengan penutup luka dan pembalut longgar, jangan memecahkan gelembungnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila yang terbakar adalah jari-jari maka balut masing-masing jari tersendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upayakan penderita senyaman mungkin<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.        <u>KERACUNAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Racun adalah zat yang ketika tertelan, terisap, diabsorbsi, menempel pada kulit atau dihasilkan di dalam tubuh dalam jumlah yang relative kecil menyebabkan cedera dari tubuh dengan adanya reaksi kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intoksikasi atau keracunan adalah masuknya zat atau senyawa kimia dalam tubuh manusia yang menimbulkan efek merugikan pada yang menggunakannya. Keracunan melalui inhalasi dan menelan materi  toksik, baik kecelakaan dan karena kesengajaan, merupakan kondisi bahaya kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.1      <u>BAHAN PENYEBAB KERACUNAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada berbagai macam kelompok bahan yang dapat menyebabkan keracunan, antara lain <b>:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan kimia umum ( Chemical toxicants ) yang terdiri dari berbagai golongan, seperti pestisida ( organoklorin, organofosfat, karbamat ), golongan gas ( nitrogen, metana, karbon monoksida, klor ), golongan logam (timbal, posfor, air raksa, arsen), golongan bahan organik ( akrilamida, anilin, benzena toluene, vinil klorida fenol ).<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Racun yang dihasilkan oleh makluk hidup ( Biological toxicants ) mis : sengatan serangga, gigitan ular berbisa , anjing dll.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Racun yang dihasilkan oleh jenis bakteri ( Bacterial toxicants ) mis : <i>Bacillus cereus, Compilobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli </i>dll.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Racun yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuh tumbuhan ( Botanical toxicants ) mis : jamur amnita, jamur psilosibin, oleander, kecubung dll,<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.1.1     <u>CARA TERJADINYA KERACUNAN PADA MANUSIA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Sengaja bunuh diri<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Keracunan tidak di sengaja<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.1.2     <u>JALUR MASUK RACUN KE TUBUH MANUSIA</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Keracunan melalui mulut / alat pencernaan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Keracunan melalui pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Keracunan melalui kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Keracunan melalui suntikan atau gigitan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.1.3     <u>GEJALA DAN TANDA KERACUNAN SECARA UMUM</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Riwayat yang berhubungan dengan proses keracunan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Penurunan respon<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Gangguan pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Nyeri kepala,pusing gangguan penglihatan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Mual muntah, Kejang – kejang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Lemas , lumpuh, kesemutan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Pucat perubahan warna pada lidah,Bibir<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.1.4     <u>GEJALA DAN TANDA KERACUNAN SECARA KHAS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    Keracunan melalui mulut :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Mual , muntah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Nyeri perut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Diare<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Napas / mulut berbau<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Suara parau nyeri saluran cerna ( Mulut dan kerongkongan )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.    Keracunan melalui pernapasan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-  Sesak napas<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-  Napas berbau<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-  Perubahan warna pada bibir lidah dan kuping telinga<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.    Keracunan melalui kulit :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah kontak berwarna kemerahan , nyeri, melepuh, dan meluas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak sekali gejala dan tanda tanda keracunan yang mirip dengan gejala atau tanda dari suatu penyakit, seperti kejang, stroke dan reaksi insulin. Seseorang yang telah mengalami keracunan kadang dapat diketahui dengan adanya gejala keracunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala gejala keracunan tersebut secara umum dapat berupa gejala non spesifik dan spesifik, namun kadang kadang sulit untuk menentukan adanya keracunan hanya dengan melihat gejala gejala saja. Perlu dilakukan tindakan untuk memastikan telah terjadi keracunan dengan melakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium. Pemerikasaan laboratorium ini dapat dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan periodik urin, tinja, darah, kuku, rambut dan lain lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila dicurigai telah terjadi keracunan bahan kimia atau obat-obatan, maka perlu diidentifikasi tanda dan gejala yang muncul seperti tersebut dibawah ini ;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luka bakar atau kemerahan di sekitar mulut dan bibir yang mungkin akibat menelan bahan kimia korosif.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bau napas seperti bau bahan kimia, contoh bensin, minyak tanah dan cat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya bercak atau bau bahan pada tubuh korban, baik pada pakaian atau pada furnitur, pada lantai atau objek disekitar korban.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat obat yang telah kosong atau adanya tablet / pil yang berserakan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muntah, mulut berbuih, sulit bernapas, rasa kantuk yang berat, kebingungan atau gejala lain yang tidak diharapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.2   <u>USAHA USAHA PENCEGAHAN TERJADINYA KERACUNAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usaha usaha pencegahan keracunan perlu dilakukan di tempat dimana bahan bahan kimia tersebut sering digunakan. Rumah tangga merupakan salah satu tempat penggunaan produk produk industri, sehingga perlu dilakukan langkah langkah praktis untuk pencegahan terjadinya keracunan, disamping itu pada tempat tempat kerja baik pada industri kecil ( home industri ) maupun industri besar merupakan tempat utama terdapatnya bahan bahan kimia baik sebagai bahan baku maupun sebagai hasil produk dari industri yang siap diedarkan kepada masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.2.1     <u>PENANGANAN KERACUNAN SECARA UMUM</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.    </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cari tau jenis racun yang mengenainya.<br /> <b>2.    </b>Pengamanan sekitar, terutama bila berhubungan dengan gigitan<br /> <b>3.    </b>Pengamanan penderita dan penolong bila berada di daerah dengan gas beracun<br /> <b>4.    </b>Keluarkan penderita dari daerah berbahaya bila memungkinkan<br /> <b>5.    </b>Bila racun melalui jalur kontak maka buka baju penderita dan bersihkan sisa bahan racun bila ada lalu bilaslah daerah yang terkena dg air<br /> <b>6.    </b>Pantaulah tanda vital<br /> <b>7.    </b>Awasi jalan napas , terutama bila respon menurun atau penderita muntah<br /> <b>8.    </b>Beri oksigen bila ada sesuai dengan ketentuan , khususnya pada keracunan melalui udara<br /> <b>9.    </b>Rujuk ke rumah sakit<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.2.2     <u>ZAT / OBAT PELUNAK RACUN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.      </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Putih Telur ( 60 – 100 cc )<br /> <b>2.      </b>Susu, Air Putih<br /> <b>3.      </b>Larutan Tepung Kanji atau Tepung Beras<br /> <b>4.      </b>Mentega<br /> <b>5.      </b>Norit ( Bubuk Arang Batok Kelapa )<br /> <b>6.      </b>Minyak Tumbuh – tumbuhan<br /> <b>7.      </b>Parafin Cair<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan : Minyak dan Mentega tidak untuk keracunan obat serangga.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.2.3     <u>ZAT – ZAT PERANGSANG MUNTAH</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.      </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Garam Dapur, 1 – 2 sendok makan dalam 1 gelas air.<br /> <b>2.      </b>Mustard, 1 – 2 sendok makan dalam 1 gelas air.<br /> <b>3.      </b>Soda Kue.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3      <u>KERACUNAN MAKANAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3.1   <u>PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA PADA KERACUNAN MAKANAN SECARA UMUM</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengurangi kekuatan racun, berikan air putih sebanyak-banyaknya atau diberi susu yang telah dicampur dengan telur mentah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agar perut terbebas dari racun, berikan norit dengan dosis 3-4 tablet selama 3 kali berturut-turut dalam setia jamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air santan kental dan air kelapa hijau yang dicampur 1 sendok makan garam dapat menjadi alternative jika norit tidak tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika penderita dalam kondisi sadar, usahakan agar muntah. Lakukan dengan cara memasukan jari pada kerongkongan leher dan posisi badan lebih tinggi dari kepala untuk memudahkan kontraksi<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila penderita dalam keadaan pingsan, bawa segera ke rumah sakit atau dokter terdekat untuk mendapatkan perawatan intensif.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3.2  <u>KERACUNAN SINGKONG ATAU KARA BENGUK</u></span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diatasi dengan minum air kelapa hijau yang diberi sedikit garam. Dapat juga dicampur gula kelapa.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3.3  <u>KERACUNAN JAMUR</u></span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengobatinya minumlah sebutir telur ayam yang sudah dikocok. Berikan juga santan kental atau air kelapa hijau satu gelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3.4  <u>KERACUNAN MAKANAN BUSUK</u></span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Misalnya daging kalengan. Berikan norit dan usahakan agar muntah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3.5  <u>KERACUNAN MAKANAN LAUT</u></span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usahakan agar penderita muntah, lalu minumkan air kelapa hijau. Supaya cepat muntah, penderita minum telur mentah yang sudah dikocok atau susu sapi mentah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3.6  <u>KERACUNAN DAGING ATAU IKAN BUSUK</u></span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minumlah segelas santan kelapa yang kental. Susul dengan minum air kelapa muda. Dapat juga ditambahkan 20 g kaolin pada air kelapa tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.3.7  <u>KERACUNAN JENGKOL</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keracunan jengkol terjadi karena terbentuknya kristal asam jengkol dalam saluran kencing. Ada beberapa hal yang diduga mempengaruhi timbulnya keracunan yaitu jumlah yang dimakan, cara penghidangan dan makanan penyerta lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø <b>Tanda dan Gejala </b>:<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nafas, mulut dan air kemih penderita berbau jengkol<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sakit pinggang yang diserta sakit perut<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyeri waktu buang air kecil<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buang air kecil disertai darah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø <b>Pertolongan Pertama:</b><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minum air putih yang banyak<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obat penghilang rasa sakit dapat diberikan untuk menghilang-kan rasa sakitnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segera kirim ke puskesmas / rumah sakit<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4   <u>KERACUNAN BAHAN KIMIA / OBAT-OBATAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.1     <u>PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA PADA KERACUNAN BAHAN KIMIA / OBAT – OBATAN SECARA UMUM</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usahakan agar dimuntahkan kembali, kecuali <i>asam basa.</i><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan oksigen atau pernapasan buatan jika perlu.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan pembilasan lambung<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan obat pelunak racun<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selimuti korban<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bawa ke RS<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.2     <u>ZAT/OBAT YANG DIGUNAKAN UNTUK PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA KERACUNAN OBAT / BAHAN KIMIA SECARA KHUSUS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.  Keracunan Asam Keras</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> <b>1.   </b>Larutan encer soda kue dalam air<br /> <b>2.   </b>100 gr kapur tulis dilarutkan dalam air<br /> <b>3.   </b>Serpihan tembok dilarutkan dalam air<br /> <b>4.   </b>Larutan sabun dalam air<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.   </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan Kalsium Hidroksida (Ca OH) atau <i>Lime Water </i>200 cc.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.  Keracunan Basa Keras</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> <b>1.   </b>Cuka Dapur 100 – 200 cc<br /> <b>2.   </b>Air jeruk 100 – 200 cc<br /> <b>3.   </b>Asam Chlorida ( Hcl ) 100 – 200 cc<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.3     <u>KERACUNAN ASETAMINOFEN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih dari 100 jenis produk yang mengandung asetaminofen bisa dibeli secara bebas, tanpa resep dokter. Sediaan untuk anak-anak tersedia dalam bentuk sirup, tablet dan kapsul. Asetaminofen bisa ditemukan dalam beberapa obat berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Tylenol<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Anacin-3<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Liquiprin<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Panadol<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Tempra.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.3.1     <u>Kandungan asetaminofen dalam beberapa jenis  obat dan kekuatannya:</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   Supositoria</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (tablet/kapsul yang dimasukkan ke dalam anus atau vagina) : 120 mg, 125 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tablet kunyah : 80 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekuatan normal : 325 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekuatan ekstra : 500 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   Elixir</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: 325 mg/sendok teh, 160 mg/sendok teh, 120 mg/ sendok teh<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirup : 160 mg/sendok teh, 130 mg/sendok teh<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obat tetes : 100 mg/mL, 120 mg/2,5 mL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asetaminofen adalah obat yang sangat aman, tetapi bukan berarti tidak berbahaya. Sejumlah besar asetaminofen akan melebihi kapasitas kerja hati, sehingga hati tidak lagi dapat menguraikannya menjadi bahan yang tidak berbahaya. Akibatnya, terbentuk suatu zat racun yang dapat merusak hati. Keracunan asetaminofen pada anak-anak yang belum mencapai masa puber, jarang berakibat fatal. Pada anak-anak yang berumur lebih dari 12 tahun, overdosis asetaminofen bisa menyebakban kerusakan hati.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.3.2     <u>Tanda dan Gejala keracunan asetaminofen terjadi melalui 4 tahapan:</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.  Stadium I ( beberapa jam pertama )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : belum tampak.<br /> <b>2.  </b>S<b>tadium II ( setelah 24 jam ) </b>: mual dan muntah; hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa hati tidak berfungsi secara normal.<br /> <b>3.  Stadium III ( 3 – 5 hari kemudian )</b> : muntah terus berlanjut; pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa hati hampir tidak berfungsi, muncul gejala kegagalan hati.<br /> <b>4.  Stadium IV ( setelah 5 hari )</b> : penderita membaik atau meninggal akibat gagal hati.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.3.3     <u>Tanda dan Gejala lainnya yang mungkin ditemukan:</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Berkeringat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Kejang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Nyeri atau Pembengkakan di daerah lambung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Nyeri atau Pembengkakan di perut bagian atas<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Diare<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Nafsu makan berkurang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Mual dan/atau muntah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Rewel<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Koma.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda dan Gejala mungkin baru timbul 12 jam atau lebih setelah mengkonsumsi asetaminofen. <b>Tindakan darurat yang dapat dilakukan di rumah adalah segera memberikan sirup ipekak untuk merangsang muntah dan mengosongkan lambung.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.4      <u>KERACUNAN ASPIRIN (ASETOSAL)</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspirin atau obat yang mirip dengan Aspirin (salisilat) biasanya tidak dianjurkan diberikan  kepada anak-anak dan remaja karena memiliki resiko terjadinya sindroma Reye. Tetapi pada penyakit tertentu (misalnya artritis rematoid juvenil) pemberian Aspirin kepada anak-anak / remaja dibenarkan / diperlukan. Aspirin ditemukan pada:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Aspirin<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Ecotrin<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Anacin (kaplet dan tablet)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Alka Seltzer<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Bufferin.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Overdosis Aspirin (salisilisme) pada anak yang telah meminum Aspirin dosis tinggi selama beberapa hari biasanya lebih berat. Bentuk salisilat yang paling beracun adalah minyak wintergreen (metil salisilat), yang merupakan komponen dari obat gosok dan larutan penghangat. Seorang anak dapat meninggal karena menelan kurang dari 1 sendok teh metil salisilat murni.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda dan Gejala awal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari salisilisme adalah mual dan muntah, diikuti dengan pernafasan yang cepat, hiperaktivitas, peningkatan suhu tubuh dan kadang kejang. Anak menjadi mengantuk, mengalami kesulitan dalam bernafas dan pingsan. Kadar Aspirin yang tinggi dalam darah menyebabkan anak menjadi sering berkemih, dan hal ini bisa menyebabkan dehidrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pertolongan pertama dilakukan pengurasan lambung sesegera mungkin. Jika anak dalam keadaan sadar, diberikan arang aktif melalui mulut atau melalui selang yang dimasukkan ke dalam lambung.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Untuk mengatasi dehidrasi ringan, anak diharuskan minum sebanyak mungkin ( susu maupun jus buah ). Untuk dehidrasi yang lebih berat, diberikan cairan melalui infus. Demam diatasi dengan kompres hangat. Kadar yang bisa menimbulkan keracunan adalah 150-300 mg/kg berat badan.</b> <b>Berikan susu atau santan kelapa. Usahakan agar muntah.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.5     <u>KERACUNAN BAHAN KAUSTIK</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang dimaksud dengan bahan kaustik adalah <b>asam dan alkali kuat</b>. Bahan kaustik (jika tertelan) bisa <b>menyebabkan</b> luka bakar dan secara langsung menyebabkan kerusakan pada mulut, kerongkongan serta lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa keperluan rumah tangga yang mengandung bahan kaustik adalah pembersih jamban dan sabun pencuci piring; beberapa diantaranya mengandung bahan kaustik yang paling berbahaya, yaitu natrium hidroksida dan asam sulfat. Bahan tersebut terdapat dalam bentuk padat maupun cair. Pada sediaan padat, rasa panas yang ditimbulkan menempel pada permukaan yang lembab sehingga anak segera berhenti memakannya. Sedangkan sediaan cair tidak menempel, lebih mudah ditelan dan bisa menyebabkan kerusakan pada seluruh bagian kerongkongan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda dan gejala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang terjadi biasanya segera timbul nyeri dan sifatnya bisa berat. Daerah yang terbakar menjadi bengkak dan menelan menimbulkan nyeri. Pernafasan menjadi dangkal, dengan denyut nadi yang cepat dan lemah. Kadang pembengkakan menyebabkan tersumbatnya saluran udara. Sering terjadi syok (tekanan darah sangat rendah).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan kaustik <b>menyebabkan</b> kerusakan pada dinding kerongkongan atau lambung. Satu minggu atau lebih setelah keracunan, pada dinding kerongkongan maupun lambung yang mengalami kerusakan bisa terjadi perforasi (pembentukan lubang), yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh muntah maupun batuk. Anak yang berhasil melalui masa awal kerusakan pada akhirnya bisa meninggal akibat infeksi karena bahan kaustik dari kerongkongan merembes ke dalam rongga dada. Meskipun pada awalnya hanya menimbulkan gejala yang rignan, tetapi beberapa minggu kemudian bisa terjadi penyempitan pada kerongkongan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kasus berat dengan bahan kaustik yang sangat kuat, kematian terjadi akibat:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          tekanan darah yang sangat rendah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          penyumbatan saluran pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          perforasi kerongkongan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          kerusakan jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          peradangan paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk melarutkan bahan kaustik, sebaiknya anak diberikan minum sebanyak mungkin, yang terbaik adalah minum susu. Susu tidak hanya bersifat melindungi dan melembutkan selaput lendir, tetapi juga merupakan pengganti dari protein jaringan yang merupakan target dari bahan kaustik. Jika minum susu, berikan tablet kapur. Cuci perut dengan garam inggeris.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baju yang terkena bahan kaustik segera dilepas dan kulit yang terkena segera dicuci bersih. <b>Sebaiknya tidak dilakukan perangsangan muntah dan pengurasan lambung karena bisa memperburuk kerusakan yang telah terjadi.</b> Antibiotik diberikan jika anak mengalami demam atau terdapat tanda-tanda perforasi kerongkongan. Pada kasus yang ringan, anak didorong untuk minum sebanyak mungkin cairan. Jika anak tidak mau minum, cairan bisa diberikan melalui infus.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.6     <u>KERACUNAN TIMAH HITAM</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keracunan timah hitam (plumbisme) biasanya merupakan suatu keadaan kronis (menahun) dan kadang gejalanya kambuh secara periodik. Kerusakan yang terjadi bisa bersifat permanen (misalnya gangguan kecerdasan pada anak-anak dan penyakit ginjal progresif pada dewasa). Timah hitam ditemukan pada<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Pelapis keramik<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Cat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Batere<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Solder<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Mainan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemaparan oleh timah hitam dalam jumlah relatif besar bisa terjadi melalui beberapa cara  :</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Menelan serpihan cat yang mengandung timah hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Membiarkan alat logam yang mengandung timah hitam (misalnya peluru, pemberat tirai, pemberat alat pancing atau perhiasan) tetap berada dalam lambung atau persendian, dimana secara perlahan timah hitam akan larut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Meminum minuman asam atau memakan makanan asam yang telah terkontaminasi karena disimpan di dalam alat keramik yang dilapisi oleh timah hitam (misalnya buah, jus buah, minuman berkola, tomat, jus tomat, anggur, jus apel)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Membakar kayu yang dicat dengan cat yang mengandung timah hitam atau batere di dapur atau perapian<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Mengkonsumsi obat tradisional yang mengandung senyawa timah hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Menggunakan perabotan keramik atau kaca yang dilapisi timah hitam untuk menyimpan atau menyajikan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Minum wiski atau anggur yang terkontaminasi oleh timah hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Menghirup asap dari bensin yang mengandung timah hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       Bekerja di tempat pengolahan timah hitam tanpa menggunakan alat pelindung (seperti respirator, ventilasi maupun penekan debu).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemaparan timah hitam dalam jumlah yang lebih kecil, terutama melalui debu atau tanah yang telah terkontaminasi oleh timah hitam, bisa meningkatkan kadar timah hitam pada anak-anak; karena itu perlu diberikan pengobatan meskipun tidak ditemukan gejala.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada anak-anak, gejalanya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> diawali dengan rewel dan berkurangnya aktivitas bermain selama beberapa minggu. Kemudian gejala yang serius timbul secara mendadak dan dalam waktu 1-5 hari menjadi semakin memburuk, yaitu berupa:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Muntah menyembur yang berlangsung terus menerus<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Berjalan goyah/limbung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Kejang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Linglung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Mengantuk<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          Kejang yang tak terkendali dan koma.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dewasa, serangkaian gejala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang khas bisa timbul dalam waktu beberapa minggu atau lebih, yaitu berupa perubahan kepribadian, sakit kepala, di dalam mulut terasa logam, nafsu makan berkurang dan nyeri perut samar-samar yang berakhir dengan muntah, sembelit serta nyeri kram perut. Pada dewasa jarang terjadi kerusakan otak.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala kerusakan otak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tersebut terutama terjadi akibat pembengkakan otak. Baik pada anak-anak maupun dewasa bisa terjadi anemia. Beberapa gejala bisa menghilang secara spontan, tetapi jika kembali terjadi pemaparan oleh timah hitam, gejalanya akan kembali memburuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resiko tinggi ditemukan pada anak-anak yang tinggal di rumah tua / lama yang dicat dengan cat yang mengandung timah hitam.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapsul succimer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> akan berikatan dengan timah hitam dan membantu melarutkannya di dalam cairan tubuh sehingga dapat dibuang ke dalam air kemih. <b>Efek sampingnya</b> adalah ruam kulit, mual, muntah, diare, nafsu makan berkurang, terasa logam di mulut dan kelainan pada fungsi hati (kadar transaminase).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemulihan sempurna mungkin memerlukan waktu beberapa bulan sampai beberapa tahun, dan kemungkinan akan meninggalkan efek saraf yang permanen. Setelah mengalami keracunan timah hitam, sistem saraf dan otot bisa tidak berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya, Sistem pembuluh darah dan ginjal juga bisa mengalami gangguan. Anak yang bertahan hidup bisa mengalami kerusakan otak yang permanen.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.7     <u>KERACUNAN ZAT BESI</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejumlah besar zat besi bisa menyebabkan diare, muntah, peningkatan jumlah sel darah putih dan kadar gula darah yang tinggi. Jika dalam waktu 6 jam pertama tidak timbul gejala dan kadar zat besi di dalam darah rendah, maka kecil kemungkinan terjadinya keracunan. Zat besi ditemukan pada:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Fero-sulfat (Feosol, Slow Fe)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Fero-glukonat (Fergon)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Fero-fumarat (Femiron, Feostat)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Suplemen mineral<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Suplemen vitamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala overdosis zat besi biasanya terjadi melalui beberapa  tahap:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.   Stadium 1 ( dalam waktu 6 jam )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          muntah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          rewel<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          diare<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          nyeri perut<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          kejang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          mengantuk<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          penurunan kesadaran<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          perdarahan lambung (gastritis hemoragika) akibat iritasi saluran pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika kadar zat besi di dalam darah tinggi, juga bisa terjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          pernafasan dan denyut nadi cepat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          tekanan darah rendah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-          peningkatan keasaman darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan darah yang sangat rendah atau penurunan kesadaran selama 6 jam pertama menunjukkan bahwa keadaannya sangat serius.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.   Stadium 2 (dalam waktu 10-14 jam)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi perbaikan semu yang berlangsung selama 24 jam.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.   Stadium 3 (antara 12-48 jam).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bisa terjadi syok (tekanan darah sangat rendah), aliran darah ke jaringan berkurang dan kadar gula darah turun. Kadar zat besi dalam darah mungkin normal, tetapi pemeriksaan menunjukkan adanya kerusakan hati.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala lainnya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            demam<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            peningkatan jumlah sel darah putih<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            kelainan perdarahan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            kelainan konduksi listrik di jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            disorientasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            gelisah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            mengantuk<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            kejang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            penurunan kesadaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-            Bisa terjadi kematian.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.   Stadium 4 (setelah 2-5 minggu)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bisa terjadi komplikasi seperti penyumbatan usus, sirosis atau kerusakan otak. Jika hasil pemeriksaan darah menunjukkan kadar zat besi yang rendah, dilakukan observasi selama 6 jam dan jika tidak timbul gejala, anak tidak perlu dirawat. Jika kadar zat besi tinggi atau timbul gejala, maka anak perlu dirawat.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di rumah sakit dilakukan pengurasan lambung. Digunakan arang aktif, meskipun tidak banyak menyerap zat besi. Mungkin perlu dilakukan pencucian usus untuk membuang zat besi.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resiko kematian pada anak yang mengalami syok dan kesadarannya menurun adalah sebesar 10%. Kematian bisa terjadi bahkan dalam waktu 1 minggu setelah keracunan, tetapi jika dalam waktu 48 jam gejala-gejalanya telah hilang, maka akan terjadi pemulihan sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.8     <u>KERACUNAN HIDROKARBON</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidrokarbon adalah senyawa organik yang hanya terdiri dari hidrogen dan karbon.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hidrokarbon banyak ditemukan di dalam minyak bumi, gas alam dan batubara. Keracunan hidrokarbon <b>biasanya terjadi</b> karena anak menelan hasil penyulingan minyak bumi, seperti bensin, minyak tanah, pengencer cat dan hidrokarbon terhalogenasi (misalnya karbon tetraklorida yang banyak ditemukan di dalam larutan dan pencair dry-cleaning atau etilen diklorida).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kematian banyak terjadi <b>pada remaja</b> yang dengan sengaja menghirup atsiri. Sejumlah kecil bahan tersebut (terutama dalam bentuk cairan yang mudah mengalir) bisa masuk ke dalam paru-paru dan menyebabkan kerusakan pada paru-paru. Cairan yang lebih kental, yang digunakan pada semir furnitur, sangat berbahaya karena bisa menyebabkan iritasi dan pneumonia aspirasi yang berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejalanya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terutama menyerang paru-paru dan usus; pada kasus yang sangat berat juga menyerang otak. <b>Tandanya</b> pada awalnya anak mengalami batuk dan tersedak, kemudian pernafasan menjadi cepat. Kulitnya tampak kebiruan karena berkurangnya kadar oksigen dalam darah. Selanjutnya terjadi muntah dan batuk yang menetap disertai megap-megap.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada anak yang lebih besar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, sebelum terjadinya muntah, mereka mengeluh merasa terbakar / panas di lambung. Gejala neurologis meliputi mengantuk, koma dan kejang. <b>Gejala</b> yang lebih berat ditemukan pada anak yang telah menelan cairan yang lebih encer, minyak anjing laut mineral atau hidrokarbon halogenasi (misalnya karbon tetraklorida).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika anak berada <b>dalam keadaan sadar</b>, segera minum segelas susu untuk melarutkan bahan yang tertelan dan mengurangi peradangan lambung. Jika terdapat tanda-tanda pneumonia (misalnya pernafasan cepat, denyut jantung cepat atau batuk), anak harus dibawa ke rumah sakit. Jika terjadi pneumonia diberikan terapi oksigen, ventilator, cairan infus dan pengawasan ketat.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.9     <u>KERACUNAN ALKOHOL</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usahakan agar muntah, setelah muntah berikan kopi pahit dan kompres kepalanya dengan es.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.10   <u>KERACUNAN OBAT TIDUR (VALIUM, VERONAL).</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minumkan air sebanyak-banyaknya, usahakan agar ia muntah. Berikan norit dan garam inggeris sebagai pencuci perut.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.11   <u>KERACUNAN ARSEN/RACUN TIKUS</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø <b>Gejala keracunan arsen / racun tikus :</b><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perut dan tenggorokan terasa terbakar<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muntah, mulut kering<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buang air besar seperti air cucian beras.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nafas dan kotoran berbau bawang<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kejang / syok<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø <b>Apa yang dapat dilakukan sebagai pertolongan pertama :</b><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usahakan agar dimuntahkan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri minum hangat /susu atau larutan norit<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segera kirim ke puskesmas/rumah sakit<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.12   <u>KERACUNAN PESTISIDA</u></span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsumsi air kelapa hijau yang diberi garam dapur. Usahakan agar muntah dengan cara memasukkan jari bersih ke kerongkongan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4.13   <u>GIGITAN ULAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø Bisa (racun) ular terdiri dari terutama protein yang mempunyai efek fisiologik yang luas atau bervariasi. Sisitem multiorgan, terutama neurologic, kardiovaskuler, sistem pernapasan mungkin terpengaruh.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø Bantuan awal pertama pada daerah gigitan ular meliputi mengistirahatkan korban dan memberikan ketenangan agar detak jantung normal, melepaskan benda yang mengikat seperti cincin, memberikan kehangatan, membersihkan luka, menutup luka dengan balutan steril, dan imobilisasi bagian tubuh dibawah tinggi jantung. Es atau torniket tidak digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.      <u>KEDARURATAN LINGKUNGAN</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yaitu, Suatu kondisi extrim yang diakibatkan oleh faktor lingkungan, yaitu cuaca yang panas dan dingin. Seseorang yang mengalami kasus ini mungkin juga dapat mengalami cedera sebagai akibat dari gejala gangguan fungsi tubuh yang terjadi misalnya kehilangan kesadaran lalu terjatuh sehingga  terjadi suatu luka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam  penatalaksanaan Pertolongan Pertama kasus ini penolong harus benar – benar dapat mengenali tanda dan gejalanya, serta sangat berhati – hati dalam menanganinya. Hal yang paling penting adalah mengenali kedaruratannya, terutama secara dini. Dalam penatalaksanaan penderita yang paling penting adalah menjaga jalan napas dan memantau tanda vital penderita secara teratur. Kasus ini kerap terjadi di daerah yang panas atau dingin atau perpaduan dari keduanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala dan tanda pada kasus kedaruratan lingkungan sangat beragam, khas maupun tidak khas. Perubahan yang tidak normal dari tanda vital maupun sikap tubuh yang tidak biasa dari penderita sudah mengarah pada kedaruratan lingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BEBERAPA GANGGUAN KEDARURATAN LINGKUNGAN</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.         <u>Pingsan (Syncope/collapse) </u>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi karena peredaran darah yang ke organ otak berkurang, yang dapat terjadi akibat emosi yang hebat, berada dalam ruangan yang penuh orang tanpa udara segar yang cukup, letih dan lapar, terlalu banyak mengeluarkan tenaga.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala dan tanda:  </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perasaan limbung.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pandangan berkunang-kunang dan telinga berdenging.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemas, keluar keringat dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menguap.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat menjadi tidak ada respon, yang biasanya berlangsung hanya beberapa menit.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Denyut nadi lambat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baringkan penderita dengan tungkai ditinggikan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Longgarkan pakaian.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usahakan penderita menghirup udara segar.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Periksa cedera lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri selimut, agar badannya hangat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila pulih, usahakan istirahatkan beberapa menit.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila tidak cepat pulih, maka:<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       periksa napas dan nadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       posisikan stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-       bawa ke fasilitas kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.         <u>Paparan panas</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panas dapat mengakibatkan gangguan pada tubuh. Umumnya  ada 3 macam gangguan yang terjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.  <u>Kram Panas ( Heat Cramps ) </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi akibat kehilangan garam tubuh yang berlebihan  melalui keringat.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala dan Tanda:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kejang pada otot yang disertai nyeri<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tungkai dan perut.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelelahan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mual<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mungkin pingsan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baringkan penderita di tempat teduh.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri minum kepada penderita, bila perlu campur sedikit garam. JANGAN MEMBUANG WAKTU UNTUK MENCARI GARAM.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.  <u>Kelelahan Panas ( Heat Exhaustion )</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi akibat kondisi yang tidak fit pada saat melakukan aktivitas di lingkungan yang suhu udaranya relatif tinggi, yang mengakibatkan terganggunya aliran darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala dan tanda :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernapasan cepat dan dangkal.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nadi lemah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit teraba dingin, keriput, lembab dan selaput lendir  pucat<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pucat, keringat berlebihan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pusing, kadang tidak repon.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baringkan penderita di tempat yang teduh.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kendorkan pakaian yang mengikat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinggikan tungkai penderita sekitar 20 – 30 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan oksigen bila ada.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri minum bila penderita sadar.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.  <u>Sengatan Panas ( Heat Stroke )</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan keadaan yang mengancam nyawa. Suhu tubuh menjadi terlalu tinggi dan pada banyak kasus penderita tidak lagi berkeringat. Bila tidak diatasi dengan segera, maka sel otak akan segera mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala dan tanda:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernapasan cepat dan dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nadi cepat dan kuat diikuti nadi cepat tetapi lemah.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit teraba kering, panas kadang kemerahan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manik mata melebar.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kehilangan kesadaran.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kejang umum atau gemetar pada otot.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turunkan suhu tubuh penderita secepat mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letakkan kantung es pada ketiak, lipat paha, dibelakang lutut dan sekitar mata kaki serta di samping leher.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila memungkinkan, masukkan penderita ke dalam bak berisi  air dingin dan tambahkan es ke dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.  <u>Dehidrasi</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurun atau berkurangnya cairan tubuh karena melakukan aktifitas yang berlebihan, kurang minum dan kelelahan panas / sengatan pana<b>s</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda dan gejala         :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkeringat berlebihan<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bibir kering<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melemas, mungkin pingsan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan         :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jauhkan dari sinar matahari langsung<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan penilaian dini<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tenangkan penderita<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri air sedikit demi sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.         <u>Paparan dingin </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.  <u>Acute Mountain Sickness</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kondisi fisik yang melemah karena penurunan oksigen didalam darah karena berada di ketinggian. Berpotensi mengakibatkan hypoxia namun pada tahap ini bisa dihadapi dengan ber AKLIMATISASI saja tanpa menurukan ketinggian.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala dan tanda         :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melemah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pandangan kabur<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mual, mungkin muntah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemas, mungkin pingsan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.  <u>Hypotermia</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Udara dingin dapat menyebabkan suhu tubuh menurun. Suhu lingkungan tidak perlu sampai beku untuk mencetuskan hipotermia. Ada beberapa keadaan yang memperburuk hipotermia yaitu faktor angin dan kekurangan makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala dan tanda</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.  </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Hipotermia sedang :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menggigil.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terasa melayang.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernapasan cepat, nadi lambat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan penglihatan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi mata lambat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gemetar.<br /> <b>b.  Hipotermia berat :</b><o:p></o:p></span></li> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernapasan sangat lambat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Denyut nadi sangat lambat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak ada respon.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manik mata melebar dan tidak bereaksi.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat gerak kaku.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak menggigil.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanganan Hipotermia:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rawat penderita dengan hati hati, berikan rasa nyaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian dini dan pemeriksaan penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pindahkan penderita dari lingkungan dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaga jalan napas dan berikan oksigen bila ada.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ganti pakaian yang basah, selimuti penderita, upayakan agar  tetap kering.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila penderita sadar dapat diberikan minuman hangat secara  pelan pelan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pantau tanda vital secara berkala.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.  <u>Hypoxia</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penurunan oksigen dalam darah karena berada di ketinggian ( > 4000 Mdpl ) hingga mengakibatkan kebingungan, menurunnya daya ingat secara tajam hingga hilang ingatan. Selain itu juga bisa terjadi kelumpuhan syaraf, halusinasi hingga koma.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan         : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan Oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pindahkan penderita ke ketinggian yang lebih rendah hingga kembali normal.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.  <u>Radang Beku ( Frost Bite )</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadinya kerusakan otot dan syaraf pada bagian tubuh yang terbuka ( yang kontak langsung dengan udara luar ) dan biasanya dimulai dari bagian yang lembut, seperti daun telinga, ujung hidung, ujung – ujung jari. Yang diakibatkan oleh suhu yang sangat dingin pada ketinggian diatas 3000 Mdpl. Jika terlambat dilakukan penanganan maka satu – satunya jalan adalah diamputasi karena kerusakan jaringan ini akan menjalar.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda dan gejala         :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedinginan yang terlalu<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melemah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selalu menutupi bagian tubuh yang terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian tubuh yang terbuka menjadi pucat, lama kelamaan membiru dan menghitam.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanganan    :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipindahkan ke ketinggian yang lebih rendah<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Direndam air hangat / panas pada bagian yang terpapar hingga warna biru / kehitaman hilang<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujuk ke Rumah Sakit<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA GAWAT DARURAT

A.  TEORI DASAR PERTONGAN PERTAMA 1.            PENGERTIAN PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA Pemberian Pertolongan kepada penderita sakit atau cider...

Read more »